These rules are effective as of June 6, 2025.
Comprehensive Rules
1. Game Concepts
100.1. These Magic rules apply to any Magic game with two or more players, including two-player games and multiplayer games.
100.1a. A two-player game is a game that begins with only two players.
100.1b. A multiplayer game is a game that begins with more than two players. See section 8, "Multiplayer Rules."
100.2a. In constructed play (a way of playing in which each player creates their own deck ahead of time), each deck has a minimum deck size of 60 cards. A constructed deck may contain any number of basic land cards and no more than four of any card with a particular English name other than basic land cards. For the purposes of deck construction, cards with interchangeable names have the same English name (see rule 201.3).
100.2b. In limited play (a way of playing in which each player gets the same quantity of unopened Magic product such as booster packs and creates their own deck using only this product and basic land cards), each deck has a minimum deck size of 40 cards. A limited deck may contain as many duplicates of a card as are included with the product.
100.3. Some cards require coins or traditional dice. Some casual variants require additional items, such as specially designated cards, nontraditional Magic cards, and specialized dice.
100.4. Each player may also have a sideboard, which is a group of additional cards the player may use to modify their deck between games of a match.
100.4a. In constructed play, a sideboard may contain no more than fifteen cards. The four-card limit (see rule 100.2a) applies to the combined deck and sideboard.
100.5. If a deck must contain at least a certain number of cards, that number is referred to as a minimum deck size. There is no maximum deck size for non-Commander decks.
100.6. Most Magic tournaments (organized play activities where players compete against other players to win prizes) have additional rules covered in the Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules (found at WPN.Wizards.com/en/resources/rules-documents). These rules may limit the use of some cards, including barring all cards from some older sets.
100.6a. Tournaments usually consist of a series of matches. A two-player match usually involves playing until one player has won two games. A multiplayer match usually consists of only one game.
100.7. Certain cards are intended for casual play and may have features and text that aren't covered by these rules. These include Mystery Booster playtest cards, promotional cards and cards in "Un-sets" that were printed with a silver border, and cards in the Unfinity (tm) expansion that have an acorn symbol at the bottom of the card.
101. The Magic Golden Rules
101.1. Whenever a card's text directly contradicts these rules, the card takes precedence. The card overrides only the rule that applies to that specific situation. The only exception is that a player can concede the game at any time (see rule 104.3a).
101.2. When a rule or effect allows or directs something to happen, and another effect states that it can't happen, the "can't" effect takes precedence. Example: If one effect reads "You may play an additional land this turn" and another reads "You can't play lands this turn," the effect that precludes you from playing lands wins.
101.2a. Adding abilities to objects and removing abilities from objects don't fall under this rule. (See rule 113.10.)
101.3. Any part of an instruction that's impossible to perform is ignored. (In many cases the card will specify consequences for this; if it doesn't, there's no effect.)
101.4. If multiple players would make choices and/or take actions at the same time, the active player (the player whose turn it is) makes any choices required, then the next player in turn order (usually the player seated to the active player's left) makes any choices required, followed by the remaining nonactive players in turn order. Then the actions happen simultaneously. This rule is often referred to as the "Active Player, Nonactive Player (APNAP) order" rule. Example: A card reads "Each player sacrifices a creature." First, the active player chooses a creature they control. Then each of the nonactive players, in turn order, chooses a creature they control. Then all creatures chosen this way are sacrificed simultaneously.
101.4a. If an effect has each player choose a card in a hidden zone, such as their hand or library, those cards may remain face down as they're chosen. However, each player must clearly indicate which face-down card they are choosing.
101.4b. A player knows the choices made by the previous players when making their choice, except as specified in 101.4a.
101.4c. If a player would make more than one choice at the same time, the player makes the choices in the order specified. If no order is specified, the player chooses the order.
101.4d. If a choice made by a nonactive player causes the active player, or a different nonactive player earlier in the turn order, to have to make a choice, APNAP order is restarted for all outstanding choices.
101.4e. If multiple players would make choices or take actions while starting the game, the starting player is considered the active player and each other player is considered a nonactive player.
102.1. A player is one of the people in the game. The active player is the player whose turn it is. The other players are nonactive players.
103. Starting the Game
103.1. At the start of a game, the players determine which one of them will choose who takes the first turn. In the first game of a match (including a single-game match), the players may use any mutually agreeable method (flipping a coin, rolling dice, etc.) to do so. In a match of several games, the loser of the previous game chooses who takes the first turn. If the previous game was a draw, the player who made the choice in that game makes the choice in this game. The player chosen to take the first turn is the starting player. The game's default turn order begins with the starting player and proceeds clockwise.
103.1b. In an Archenemy game, these methods aren't used to determine who takes the first turn. Rather, the archenemy takes the first turn.
103.1c. One card (Power Play) states that its controller is the starting player. This effect applies after this determination has happened and supersedes these methods.
103.2. Some games require additional steps that are taken after the starting player has been determined. Perform the actions listed in 103.2a-e in order, as applicable.
103.2d. In a constructed game, each player playing with sticker sheets reveals all of their sticker sheets and chooses three of them at random. In a limited game, each player chooses up to three sticker sheets from among those in the sealed product they opened and reveals them. In either case, that player has access to only the stickers on the chosen sheets during the game, and those sticker sheets remain revealed. (See rule 123, "Stickers.")
103.3a. In a game using one or more supplementary decks of nontraditional cards (see rule 100.2d), each supplementary deck's owner shuffles it so the cards are in a random order. Each player may then shuffle or cut their opponents' supplementary decks.
103.4a. In a Two-Headed Giant game, each team's starting life total is 30.
103.5. Each player draws a number of cards equal to their starting hand size, which is normally seven. (Some effects can modify a player's starting hand size.) A player who is dissatisfied with their initial hand may take a mulligan. First, the starting player declares whether they will take a mulligan. Then each other player in turn order does the same. Once each player has made a declaration, all players who decided to take mulligans do so at the same time. To take a mulligan, a player shuffles the cards in their hand back into their library, draws a new hand of cards equal to their starting hand size, then puts a number of those cards equal to the number of times that player has taken a mulligan on the bottom of their library in any order. Once a player chooses not to take a mulligan, the remaining cards become that player's opening hand, and that player may not take any further mulligans. This process is then repeated until no player takes a mulligan. A player can take mulligans until their opening hand would be zero cards, after which they may not take further mulligans.
103.5b. If an effect allows a player to perform an action "any time [that player] could mulligan," the player may perform that action at a time they would declare whether they will take a mulligan. This need not be in the first round of mulligans. Other players may have already made their mulligan declarations by the time the player has the option to perform this action. If the player performs the action, they then declare whether they will take a mulligan.
103.5c. In a multiplayer game and in any Brawl game, the first mulligan a player takes doesn't count toward the number of cards that player will put on the bottom of their library or the number of mulligans that player may take. Subsequent mulligans are counted toward these numbers as normal.
103.6. Some cards allow a player to take actions with them from their opening hand. Once the mulligan process (see rule 103.5) is complete, the starting player may take any such actions in any order. Then each other player in turn order may do the same.
103.6a. If a card allows a player to begin the game with that card on the battlefield, the player taking this action puts that card onto the battlefield.
103.6b. If a card allows a player to reveal it from their opening hand, the player taking this action does so. The card remains revealed until the first turn begins. Each card may be revealed this way only once.
103.6c. In a multiplayer game using the shared team turns option, first each player on the starting team, in whatever order that team likes, may take such actions. Teammates may consult while making their decisions. Then each player on each other team in turn order does the same.
103.8. The starting player takes their first turn.
103.8a. In a two-player game, the player who plays first skips the draw step (see rule 504, "Draw Step") of their first turn.
103.8b. In a Two-Headed Giant game, the team who plays first skips the draw step of their first turn.
104. Ending the Game
104.1. A game ends immediately when a player wins, when the game is a draw, or when the game is restarted.
104.2. There are several ways to win the game.
104.2a. A player still in the game wins the game if that player's opponents have all left the game. This happens immediately and overrides all effects that would preclude that player from winning the game.
104.2b. An effect may state that a player wins the game.
104.2c. In a multiplayer game between teams, a team with at least one player still in the game wins the game if all other teams have left the game. Each player on the winning team wins the game, even if one or more of those players had previously lost that game.
104.2d. In an Emperor game, a team wins the game if its emperor wins the game. (See rule 809.5.)
104.3. There are several ways to lose the game.
104.3a. A player can concede the game at any time. A player who concedes leaves the game immediately. That player loses the game.
104.3e. An effect may state that a player loses the game.
104.3f. If a player would both win and lose the game simultaneously, that player loses the game.
104.3g. In a multiplayer game between teams, a team loses the game if all players on that team have lost the game.
104.3i. In an Emperor game, a team loses the game if its emperor loses the game. (See rule 809.5.)
104.3j. In a Commander game, a player who's been dealt 21 or more combat damage by the same commander over the course of the game loses the game. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704. See also rule 903.10.)
104.3k. In a tournament, a player may lose the game as a result of a penalty given by a judge. See rule 100.6.
104.4. There are several ways for the game to be a draw.
104.4a. If all the players remaining in a game lose simultaneously, the game is a draw.
104.4b. If a game that's not using the limited range of influence option (including a two-player game) somehow enters a "loop" of mandatory actions, repeating a sequence of events with no way to stop, the game is a draw. Loops that contain an optional action don't result in a draw.
104.4c. An effect may state that the game is a draw.
104.4d. In a multiplayer game between teams, the game is a draw if all remaining teams lose simultaneously.
104.4f. In a multiplayer game using the limited range of influence option, if the game somehow enters a "loop" of mandatory actions, repeating a sequence of events with no way to stop, the game is a draw for each player who controls an object that's involved in that loop, as well as for each player within the range of influence of any of those players. Only those players leave the game; the game continues for all other players.
104.4g. In a multiplayer game between teams, the game is a draw for a team if the game is a draw for all remaining players on that team.
104.4i. In a tournament, all players in the game may agree to an intentional draw. See rule 100.6.
104.5. If a player loses the game, that player leaves the game. If the game is a draw for a player, that player leaves the game. The multiplayer rules handle what happens when a player leaves the game; see rule 800.4.
104.6. One card (Karn Liberated) restarts the game. All players still in the game when it restarts then immediately begin a new game. See rule 725, "Restarting the Game."
105.1. There are five colors in the Magic game: white, blue, black, red, and green.
105.4. If a player is asked to choose a color, they must choose one of the five colors. "Multicolored" is not a color. Neither is "colorless."
105.5. If an effect refers to a color pair, it means exactly two of the five colors. There are ten color pairs: white and blue, white and black, blue and black, blue and red, black and red, black and green, red and green, red and white, green and white, and green and blue.
106.1. Mana is the primary resource in the game. Players spend mana to pay costs, usually when casting spells and activating abilities.
106.1a. There are five colors of mana: white, blue, black, red, and green.
106.1b. There are six types of mana: white, blue, black, red, green, and colorless.
106.3. Mana is produced by the effects of mana abilities (see rule 605). It may also be produced by the effects of spells, as well as by the effects of abilities that aren't mana abilities. A spell or ability that produces mana instructs a player to add that mana. If mana is produced by a spell, the source of that mana is that spell. If mana is produced by an ability, the source of that mana is the source of that ability (see rule 113.7).
106.4. When an effect instructs a player to add mana, that mana goes into a player's mana pool. From there, it can be used to pay costs immediately, or it can stay in the player's mana pool as unspent mana. Each player's mana pool empties at the end of each step and phase, and the player is said to lose this mana. Cards with abilities that produce mana or refer to unspent mana have received errata in the Oracle (tm) card reference to no longer explicitly refer to the mana pool.
106.4a. If any mana remains in a player's mana pool after mana is spent to pay a cost, that player announces what mana is still there.
106.5. If an ability would produce one or more mana of an undefined type, it produces no mana instead. Example: Meteor Crater has the ability "{T}: Choose a color of a permanent you control. Add one mana of that color." If you control no colored permanents, activating Meteor Crater's mana ability produces no mana.
106.6. Some spells or abilities that produce mana restrict how that mana can be spent, have an additional effect that affects the spell or ability that mana is spent on, or create a delayed triggered ability (see rule 603.7a) that triggers when that mana is spent. This doesn't affect the mana's type. Example: A player's mana pool contains {R}{G} which can be spent only to cast creature spells. That player activates Doubling Cube's ability, which reads "{3}, {T}: Double the amount of each type of unspent mana you have." The player's mana pool now has {R}{R}{G}{G} in it, {R}{G} of which can be spent on anything.
106.7. Some abilities produce mana based on the type of mana another permanent or permanents "could produce." The type of mana a permanent could produce at any time includes any type of mana that an ability of that permanent would produce if the ability were to resolve at that time, taking into account any applicable replacement effects in any possible order. Ignore whether any costs of the ability could or could not be paid. If that permanent wouldn't produce any mana under these conditions, or no type of mana can be defined this way, there's no type of mana it could produce. Example: Exotic Orchard has the ability "{T}: Add one mana of any color that a land an opponent controls could produce." If your opponent controls no lands, activating Exotic Orchard's mana ability will produce no mana. The same is true if you and your opponent each control no lands other than Exotic Orchards. However, if you control a Forest and an Exotic Orchard, and your opponent controls an Exotic Orchard, then each Exotic Orchard could produce {G}.
106.8. If an effect would add mana represented by a hybrid mana symbol to a player's mana pool, that player chooses one half of that symbol. If a colored half is chosen, one mana of that color is added to that player's mana pool. If a generic half is chosen, an amount of colorless mana represented by that half's number is added to that player's mana pool.
106.12b. A replacement effect that applies if a permanent "is tapped for mana" or tapped for mana of a specific type and/or amount modifies the mana production event while such an ability is resolving and producing mana or the specified type and/or amount of mana.
106.13. One card (Drain Power) causes one player to lose unspent mana and another to add "the mana lost this way." (Note that these may be the same player.) This empties the former player's mana pool and causes the mana emptied this way to be put into the latter player's mana pool. Which permanents, spells, and/or abilities produced that mana are unchanged, as are any restrictions or additional effects associated with any of that mana.
107. Numbers and Symbols
107.1. The only numbers the Magic game uses are integers.
107.1a. You can't choose a fractional number, deal fractional damage, gain fractional life, and so on. If a spell or ability could generate a fractional number, the spell or ability will tell you whether to round up or down.
107.1b. Most of the time, the Magic game uses only positive numbers and zero. You can't choose a negative number, deal negative damage, gain negative life, and so on. However, it's possible for a game value, such as a creature's power, to be less than zero. If a calculation or comparison needs to use a negative value, it does so. If a calculation that would determine the result of an effect yields a negative number, zero is used instead, unless that effect doubles, triples, or sets to a specific value a player's life total or the power and/or toughness of a creature or creature card. Example: If a 3/4 creature gets -5/-0, it's a -2/4 creature. It doesn't assign damage in combat. Its total power and toughness is 2. Giving it +3/+0 would raise its power to 1. Example: Viridian Joiner is a 1/2 creature with the ability "{T}: Add an amount of {G} equal to this creature's power." An effect gives it -2/-0, then its ability is activated. The ability adds no mana to your mana pool. Example: Chameleon Colossus is a 4/4 creature with the ability "{2}{G}{G}: This creature gets +X/+X until end of turn, where X is its power." An effect gives it -6/-0, then its ability is activated. It remains a -2/4 creature. It doesn't become -4/2.
107.1c. If a rule or ability instructs a player to choose "any number," that player may choose any positive number or zero.
107.2. If anything needs to use a number that can't be determined, either as a result or in a calculation, it uses 0 instead.
107.3. Many objects use the letter X as a placeholder for a number that needs to be determined. Some objects have abilities that define the value of X; the rest let their controller choose the value of X.
107.3b. If a player is casting a spell that has an {X} in its mana cost, the value of X isn't defined by the text of that spell, and an effect lets that player cast that spell while paying neither its mana cost nor an alternative cost that includes X, then the only legal choice for X is 0. This doesn't apply to effects that only reduce a cost, even if they reduce it to zero. See rule 601, "Casting Spells."
107.3c. If a spell or activated ability has an {X}, [-X], or X in its cost and/or its text, and the value of X is defined by the text of that spell or ability, then that's the value of X while that spell or ability is on the stack. The controller of that spell or ability doesn't get to choose the value. Note that the value of X may change while that spell or ability is on the stack.
107.3d. If a cost associated with a special action, such as a suspend cost or a morph cost, has an {X} or an X in it, the value of X is chosen by the player taking the special action immediately before they pay that cost.
107.3g. If a card in any zone other than the stack has an {X} in its mana cost, the value of {X} is treated as 0, even if the value of X is defined somewhere within its text.
107.3h. If an effect instructs a player to pay an object's mana cost that includes {X}, the value of X is treated as 0 unless the object is a spell on the stack. In that case, the value of X is the value chosen or determined for it as the spell was cast.
107.3i. Normally, all instances of X on an object have the same value at any given time.
107.3j. If an object gains an ability, the value of X within that ability is the value defined by that ability, or 0 if that ability doesn't define a value of X. This is an exception to rule 107.3i. This may occur with ability-adding effects, text-changing effects, or copy effects.
107.3k. If an object's activated ability has an {X}, [-X], or X in its activation cost, the value of X for that ability is independent of any other values of X chosen for that object or for other instances of abilities of that object. This is an exception to rule 107.3i.
107.3m. If an object's enters-the-battlefield triggered ability or replacement effect refers to X, and the spell that became that object as it resolved had a value of X chosen for any of its costs, the value of X for that ability is the same as the value of X for that spell, although the value of X for that permanent is 0. This is an exception to rule 107.3i.
107.3n. If a delayed triggered ability created by a resolving spell or ability refers to X, X is not defined in the text of that triggered ability, and the spell or ability that created it had a value of X chosen for any of its costs, the value of X for the triggered ability is the same as the value of X for the spell of ability that created it.
107.3p. Some objects use the letter Y in addition to the letter X. Y follows the same rules as X.
107.4. The mana symbols are {W}, {U}, {B}, {R}, {G}, and {C}; the numerical symbols {0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, and so on; the variable symbol {X}; the hybrid symbols {W/U}, {W/B}, {U/B}, {U/R}, {B/R}, {B/G}, {R/G}, {R/W}, {G/W}, and {G/U}; the monocolored hybrid symbols {2/W}, {2/U}, {2/B}, {2/R}, {2/G}, {C/W}, {C/U}, {C/B}, {C/R}, and {C/G}; the Phyrexian mana symbols {W/P}, {U/P}, {B/P}, {R/P}, and {G/P}; the hybrid Phyrexian symbols {W/U/P}, {W/B/P}, {U/B/P}, {U/R/P}, {B/R/P}, {B/G/P}, {R/G/P}, {R/W/P}, {G/W/P}, and {G/U/P}; and the snow mana symbol {S}.
107.4a. There are five primary colored mana symbols: {W} is white, {U} blue, {B} black, {R} red, and {G} green. These symbols are used to represent colored mana, and also to represent colored mana in costs. Colored mana in costs can be paid only with the appropriate color of mana. See rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
107.4b. Numerical symbols (such as {1}) and variable symbols (such as {X}) represent generic mana in costs. Generic mana in costs can be paid with any type of mana. For more information about {X}, see rule 107.3.
107.4c. The colorless mana symbol {C} is used to represent one colorless mana, and also to represent a cost that can be paid only with one colorless mana.
107.4d. The symbol {0} represents zero mana and is used as a placeholder for a cost that can be paid with no resources. (See rule 118.5.)
107.4e. A hybrid mana symbol is also a colored mana symbol, even if one of its components is colorless. Each one represents a cost that can be paid in one of two ways, as represented by the two halves of the symbol. A hybrid symbol such as {W/U} can be paid with either white or blue mana, and a monocolored hybrid symbol such as {2/B} can be paid with either one black mana or two mana of any type. A hybrid mana symbol is all of its component colors. Example: {G/W}{G/W} can be paid by spending {G}{G}, {G}{W}, or {W}{W}.
107.4f. Phyrexian mana symbols are colored mana symbols: {W/P} is white, {U/P} is blue, {B/P} is black, {R/P} is red, and {G/P} is green. A Phyrexian mana symbol represents a cost that can be paid either with one mana of its color or by paying 2 life. There are also ten hybrid Phyrexian mana symbols. A hybrid Phyrexian mana symbol represents a cost that can be paid with one mana of either of its component colors or by paying 2 life. A hybrid Phyrexian mana symbol is both of its component colors. Example: {W/P}{W/P} can be paid by spending {W}{W}, by spending {W} and paying 2 life, or by paying 4 life.
107.4h. When used in a cost, the snow mana symbol {S} represents a cost that can be paid with one mana of any type produced by a snow source (see rule 106.3). Effects that reduce the amount of generic mana you pay don't affect {S} costs. The {S} symbol can also be used to refer to mana of any type produced by a snow source spent to pay a cost. Snow is neither a color nor a type of mana.
107.7. Each activated ability of a planeswalker has a loyalty symbol in its cost. Positive loyalty symbols point upward and feature a plus sign followed by a number. Negative loyalty symbols point downward and feature a minus sign followed by a number or an X. Neutral loyalty symbols don't point in either direction and feature a 0. [+N] means "Put N loyalty counters on this permanent," [-N] means "Remove N loyalty counters from this permanent," and [0] means "Put zero loyalty counters on this permanent." Loyalty symbols may also appear in abilities that modify loyalty costs.
107.8. The text box of a leveler card contains two level symbols, each of which is a keyword ability that represents a static ability. The level symbol includes either a range of numbers, indicated here as "N1-N2," or a single number followed by a plus sign, indicated here as "N3+." Any abilities printed within the same text box striation as a level symbol are part of its static ability. The same is true of the power/toughness box printed within that striation, indicated here as "[P/T]." See rule 711, "Leveler Cards."
107.9. A tombstone icon appears to the left of the name of many Odyssey (tm) block cards with abilities that are relevant in a player's graveyard. The purpose of the icon is to make those cards stand out when they're in a graveyard. This icon has no effect on game play.
107.10. A type icon appears in the upper left corner of each card from the Future Sight (tm) set printed with an alternate "timeshifted" frame. If the card has a single card type, this icon indicates what it is: claw marks for creature, a flame for sorcery, a lightning bolt for instant, a sunrise for enchantment, a chalice for artifact, and a pair of mountain peaks for land. If the card has multiple card types, that's indicated by a black and white cross. This icon has no effect on game play.
107.11. The Planeswalker symbol is {PW}. It appears on one face of the planar die used in the Planechase casual variant. It has five tines at the top and tapers to a point at the bottom. See rule 901, "Planechase."
107.12. The chaos symbol is {CHAOS}. It appears on one face of the planar die used in the Planechase casual variant, as well as in abilities that refer to the results of rolling the planar die. It looks like a swirling vortex. See rule 901, "Planechase."
107.13. A color indicator is a circular symbol that appears to the left of the type line on some cards. The color of the symbol defines the card's color or colors. See rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
107.14. The energy symbol is {E}. It represents one energy counter. To pay {E}, a player removes one energy counter from themselves.
107.15. The text box of a Saga card contains chapter symbols, each of which is a keyword ability that represents a triggered ability. A chapter symbol includes a Roman numeral, indicated here as "rN". The text printed in the text box striation to the right of a chapter symbol is the effect of the triggered ability it represents. See rule 714, "Saga Cards."
107.15a. "{rN}--[Effect]" means "When one or more lore counters are put onto this Saga, if the number of lore counters on it was less than N and became at least N, [effect]."
107.15b. "{rN1}, {rN2}--[Effect]" is the same as "{rN1}--[Effect]" and "{rN2}--[Effect]."
107.17. The ticket symbol is {TK}. It represents one ticket counter.
107.17a. A ticket symbol with a number inside it represents a ticket cost. To pay that cost, a player removes that many ticket counters from themselves.
107.18. The pawprint symbol is {P}. This symbol is used to indicate the modes on some modal spells, and does not represent a cost, mana, counters, or any type of persistent resource. See rule 700.2i.
108.1. Use the Oracle card reference when determining a card's wording. A card's Oracle text can be found using the Gatherer card database at Gatherer.Wizards.com.
108.2. When a rule or text on a card refers to a "card," it means only a Magic card or an object represented by a Magic card.
108.2a. Most Magic games use only traditional Magic cards, which measure approximately 2.5 inches (6.3 cm) by 3.5 inches (8.8 cm). Traditional Magic cards are included in players' decks. Certain formats also use nontraditional Magic cards. Nontraditional Magic cards are not included in players' decks. They may be used in supplementary decks. Additionally, they may be oversized, have different card backs, or both.
108.2b. Tokens aren't considered cards--even a card-sized game supplement that represents a token isn't considered a card for rules purposes.
108.3. The owner of a card in the game is the player who started the game with it in their deck. If a card is brought into the game from outside the game rather than starting in a player's deck, its owner is the player who brought it into the game. If a card starts the game in the command zone, its owner is the player who put it into the command zone to start the game. Legal ownership of a card in the game is irrelevant to the game rules except for the rules for ante. (See rule 407.)
108.3b. Some spells and abilities allow a player to take cards they own from outside the game and bring them into the game. (See rule 400.11b.) If a card outside that game is involved in a Magic game, its owner is determined as described in rule 108.3. If a card outside that game is in the sideboard of a Magic game (see rule 100.4), its owner is considered to be the player who started the game with it in their sideboard. In all other cases, the owner of a card outside the game is its legal owner.
108.4a. If anything asks for the controller of a card that doesn't have one (because it's not a permanent or spell), use its owner instead.
108.6. For more information about cards, see section 2, "Parts of a Card."
109.2a. If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "card" and the name of a zone, it means a card matching that description in the stated zone.
109.2b. If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "spell," it means a spell matching that description on the stack.
109.2c. If a spell or ability uses a description of an object that includes the word "source," it means a source matching that description--a source of an ability, of damage, or of mana--in any zone. See rules 113.7 and 609.7.
109.4. Only objects on the stack or on the battlefield have a controller. Objects that are neither on the stack nor on the battlefield aren't controlled by any player. See rule 108.4. There are six exceptions to this rule:
109.4c. An emblem is controlled by the player who puts it into the command zone. See rule 114, "Emblems."
109.4f. In an Archenemy game, each scheme card is controlled by its owner. See rule 904.7.
110.5c. A permanent retains its status until a spell, ability, or turn-based action changes it, even if that status is not relevant to it. Example: Dimir Doppelganger says "{1}{U}{B}: Exile target creature card from a graveyard. This creature becomes a copy of that card, except it has this ability." It becomes a copy of Jushi Apprentice, a flip card. Through use of Jushi Apprentice's ability, this creature flips, making it a copy of Tomoya the Revealer with the Dimir Doppelganger ability. If this permanent then becomes a copy of Runeclaw Bear, it will retain its flipped status even though that has no relevance to Runeclaw Bear. If its copy ability is activated again, this time targeting a Nezumi Shortfang card (another flip card), this permanent's flipped status means it will have the characteristics of Stabwhisker the Odious (the flipped version of Nezumi Shortfang) with the Dimir Doppelganger ability.
110.5d. Only permanents have status. Cards not on the battlefield do not. Although an exiled card may be face down, this has no correlation to the face-down status of a permanent. Similarly, cards not on the battlefield are neither tapped nor untapped, regardless of their physical state.
111.1. Some effects put tokens onto the battlefield. A token is a marker used to represent any permanent that isn't represented by a card.
111.4. A spell or ability that creates a token sets both its name and its subtype(s). If the spell or ability doesn't specify the name of the token, its name is the same as its subtype(s) plus the word "Token." Once a token is on the battlefield, changing its name doesn't change its subtype(s), and vice versa. Example: Dwarven Reinforcements is a sorcery that says, in part, "Create two 2/1 red Dwarf Berserker creature tokens." The tokens created as it resolves are each named Dwarf Berserker Token and each have the creature types Dwarf and Berserker. Example: Minsc, Beloved Ranger says, in part, "When Minsc enters, create Boo, a legendary 1/1 red Hamster creature token with trample and haste." That token's subtype is Hamster, but because Minsc specifies that the token's name is Boo, neither "Hamster" nor "Token" are part of its name. Example: Spitting Image is a sorcery that says, in part, "Create a token that's a copy of target creature." All of that token's characteristics will match the copiable characteristics of the creature targeted by that spell. If Spitting Image targets Doomed Dissenter, a Human creature, the name of the token the spell creates will be Doomed Dissenter, not Human Token or Doomed Dissenter Token.
111.6. A token is subject to anything that affects permanents in general or that affects the token's card type or subtype. A token isn't a card (even if represented by a card that has a Magic back or that came from a Magic booster pack).
111.8. A token that has left the battlefield can't move to another zone or come back onto the battlefield. If such a token would change zones, it remains in its current zone instead. It ceases to exist the next time state-based actions are checked; see rule 704.
111.10. Some effects instruct a player to create a predefined token. These effects use the definition below to determine the characteristics the token is created with. The effect that creates a predefined token may also modify or add to the predefined characteristics.
112.1. A spell is a card on the stack. As the first step of being cast (see rule 601, "Casting Spells"), the card becomes a spell and is moved to the top of the stack from the zone it was in, which is usually its owner's hand. (See rule 405, "Stack.") A spell remains on the stack as a spell until it resolves (see rule 608, "Resolving Spells and Abilities"), is countered (see rule 701.6), or otherwise leaves the stack. For more information, see section 6, "Spells, Abilities, and Effects."
112.1a. A copy of a spell is also a spell, even if it has no card associated with it. See rule 707.10.
112.2a. Some effects instruct a player to create a copy of a card and say they may cast it. In that case, the owner of that copy is the player who is instructed to create it and given permission to cast it.
113.1. An ability can be one of three things:
113.1a. An ability can be a characteristic an object has that lets it affect the game. An object's abilities are defined by its rules text or by the effect that created it. Abilities can also be granted to objects by rules or effects. (Effects that grant abilities usually use the words "has," "have," "gains," or "gain.") Abilities generate effects. (See rule 609, "Effects.")
113.1b. An ability can be something that a player has that changes how the game affects the player. A player normally has no abilities unless granted to that player by effects.
113.2. Abilities can affect the objects they're on. They can also affect other objects and/or players.
113.2a. Abilities can be beneficial or detrimental. Example: "This creature can't block" is an ability.
113.2c. An object may have multiple abilities. If the object is represented by a card, then aside from certain defined abilities that may be strung together on a single line (see rule 702, "Keyword Abilities"), each paragraph break in a card's text marks a separate ability. If the object is not represented by a card, the effect that created it may have given it multiple abilities. An object may also be granted additional abilities by a spell or ability. If an object has multiple instances of the same ability, each instance functions independently. This may or may not produce more effects than a single instance; refer to the specific ability for more information.
113.3. There are four general categories of abilities:
113.3b. Activated abilities have a cost and an effect. They are written as "[Cost]: [Effect.] [Activation instructions (if any).]" A player may activate such an ability whenever they have priority. Doing so puts it on the stack, where it remains until it's countered, it resolves, or it otherwise leaves the stack. See rule 602, "Activating Activated Abilities."
113.3c. Triggered abilities have a trigger condition and an effect. They are written as "[Trigger condition], [effect]," and include (and usually begin with) the word "when," "whenever," or "at." Whenever the trigger event occurs, the ability is put on the stack the next time a player would receive priority and stays there until it's countered, it resolves, or it otherwise leaves the stack. See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."
113.6. Abilities of an instant or sorcery spell usually function only while that object is on the stack. Abilities of all other objects usually function only while that object is on the battlefield. The exceptions are as follows:
113.6b. An ability that states which zones it functions in functions only from those zones.
113.6c. An ability that states which zones it doesn't function in functions everywhere except for the specified zones, even outside the game and before the game begins.
113.6e. An object's ability that restricts or modifies how that particular object can be played or cast functions in any zone from which it could be played or cast and also on the stack. An object's ability that grants it another ability that restricts or modifies how that particular object can be played or cast functions only on the stack.
113.6f. An object's ability that restricts or modifies what zones that particular object can be played or cast from functions everywhere, even outside the game.
113.6g. An object's ability that states it can't be countered or can't be copied functions on the stack.
113.6i. An object's ability that states counters can't be put on that object functions as that object is entering the battlefield in addition to functioning while that object is on the battlefield.
113.6j. An object's activated ability that has a cost that can't be paid while the object is on the battlefield functions from any zone in which its cost can be paid.
113.6n. An ability that modifies the rules for deck construction functions before the game begins. Such an ability modifies not just the Comprehensive Rules, but also the Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules and any other documents that set the deck construction rules for a specific format. However, such an ability can't affect the format legality of a card, including whether it's banned or restricted. The current Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules can be found at WPN.Wizards.com/en/resources/rules-documents.
113.7a. Once activated or triggered, an ability exists on the stack independently of its source. Destruction or removal of the source after that time won't affect the ability. Note that some abilities cause a source to do something (for example, "This creature deals 1 damage to any target") rather than the ability doing anything directly. In these cases, any activated or triggered ability that references information about the source for use while announcing an activated ability or putting a triggered ability on the stack checks that information when the ability is put onto the stack. Otherwise, it will check that information when it resolves. In both instances, if the source is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in at that time, its last known information is used. The source can still perform the action even though it no longer exists.
113.10. Effects can add or remove abilities of objects. An effect that adds an ability will state that the object "gains" or "has" that ability, or similar. An effect that removes an ability will state that the object "loses" that ability.
113.10a. An effect that adds an activated ability may include activation instructions for that ability. These instructions become part of the ability that's added to the object.
113.10b. Effects that remove an ability remove all instances of it.
113.10c. If two or more effects add and remove the same ability, in general the most recent one prevails. See rule 613 for more information about the interaction of continuous effects.
113.12. An effect that sets an object's characteristic, or simply states a quality of that object, is different from an ability granted by an effect. When an object "gains" or "has" an ability, that ability can be removed by another effect. If an effect defines a characteristic of the object ("[permanent] is [characteristic value]"), it's not granting an ability. (See rule 604.3.) Similarly, if an effect states a quality of that object ("[creature] can't be blocked," for example), it's neither granting an ability nor setting a characteristic. Example: Muraganda Petroglyphs reads, "Creatures with no abilities get +2/+2." A Runeclaw Bear (a creature with no abilities) enchanted by an Aura that says "Enchanted creature has flying" would not get +2/+2. A Runeclaw Bear enchanted by an Aura that says "Enchanted creature is red" or "Enchanted creature can't be blocked" would get +2/+2.
115.1. Some spells and abilities require their controller to choose one or more targets for them. The targets are object(s) and/or player(s) the spell or ability will affect. These targets are declared as part of the process of putting the spell or ability on the stack. The targets can't be changed except by another spell or ability that explicitly says it can do so.
115.1a. An instant or sorcery spell is targeted if its spell ability identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the spell is cast; see rule 601.2c. (If an activated or triggered ability of an instant or sorcery uses the word target, that ability is targeted, but the spell is not.) Example: A sorcery card has the ability "When you cycle this card, target creature gets -1/-1 until end of turn." This triggered ability is targeted, but that doesn't make the card it's on targeted.
115.1c. An activated ability is targeted if it identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the ability is activated; see rule 602.2b.
115.1d. A triggered ability is targeted if it identifies something it will affect by using the phrase "target [something]," where the "something" is a phrase that describes an object and/or player. The target(s) are chosen as the ability is put on the stack; see rule 603.3d.
115.3. The same target can't be chosen multiple times for any one instance of the word "target" on a spell or ability. If the spell or ability uses the word "target" in multiple places, the same object or player can be chosen once for each instance of the word "target" (as long as it fits the targeting criteria). This rule applies both when choosing targets for a spell or ability and when changing targets or choosing new targets for a spell or ability (see rule 115.7).
115.6. A spell or ability that requires targets may allow zero targets to be chosen. Such a spell or ability is still said to require targets, but that spell or ability is targeted only if one or more targets have been chosen for it.
115.7a. If an effect allows a player to "change the target(s)" of a spell or ability, each target can be changed only to another legal target. If a target can't be changed to another legal target, the original target is unchanged, even if the original target is itself illegal by then. If all the targets aren't changed to other legal targets, none of them are changed.
115.7b. If an effect allows a player to "change a target" of a spell or ability, the process described in rule 115.7a is followed, except that only one of those targets may be changed (rather than all of them or none of them).
115.7c. If an effect allows a player to "change any targets" of a spell or ability, the process described in rule 115.7a is followed, except that any number of those targets may be changed (rather than all of them or none of them).
115.7d. If an effect allows a player to "choose new targets" for a spell or ability, the player may leave any number of the targets unchanged, even if those targets would be illegal. If the player chooses to change some or all of the targets, the new targets must be legal and must not cause any unchanged targets to become illegal.
115.7e. When changing targets or choosing new targets for a spell or ability, only the final set of targets is evaluated to determine whether the change is legal. Example: Arc Trail is a sorcery that reads "Arc Trail deals 2 damage to any target and 1 damage to another target." The current targets of Arc Trail are Runeclaw Bear and Llanowar Elves, in that order. You cast Redirect, an instant that reads "You may choose new targets for target spell," targeting Arc Trail. You can change the first target to Llanowar Elves and change the second target to Runeclaw Bear.
115.7f. A spell or ability may "divide" or "distribute" an effect (such as damage or counters) among one or more targets. When changing targets or choosing new targets for that spell or ability, the original division can't be changed.
115.9. Some objects check what another spell or ability is targeting. Depending on the wording, these may check the current state of the targets, the state of the targets at the time they were selected, or both.
115.9a. An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] with [a number of] targets" checks the number of times any object or player was chosen as the target of that spell or ability when it was put on the stack, not the number of its targets that are currently legal. If the same object or player became a target more than once, each of those instances is counted separately.
115.9b. An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] that targets [something]" checks the current state of that spell or ability's targets. If an object it targets is still in the zone it's expected to be in or a player it targets is still in the game, that target's current information is used, even if it's not currently legal for that spell or ability. If an object it targets is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in or a player it targets is no longer in the game, that target is ignored; its last known information is not used.
115.9c. An object that looks for a "[spell or ability] that targets only [something]" checks the number of different objects or players that were chosen as targets of that spell or ability when it was put on the stack (as modified by effects that changed those targets), not the number of those objects or players that are currently legal targets. If that number is one (even if the spell or ability targets that object or player multiple times), the current state of that spell or ability's target is checked as described in rule 115.9b.
115.10b. In particular, the word "you" in an object's text doesn't indicate a target.
116.2a. Playing a land is a special action. To play a land, a player puts that land onto the battlefield from the zone it was in (usually that player's hand). By default, a player can take this action only once during each of their turns. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn. See rule 305, "Lands."
116.2c. Some effects allow a player to take an action at a later time, usually to end a continuous effect or to stop a delayed triggered ability from triggering. Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority, unless that effect specifies another timing restriction, for as long as the effect allows it.
116.2d. Some effects from static abilities allow a player to take an action to ignore the effect from that ability for a duration. Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority.
116.2e. One card (Circling Vultures) has the ability "You may discard Circling Vultures any time you could cast an instant." Doing so is a special action. A player can take such an action any time they have priority.
116.2f. A player who has a card with suspend in their hand may exile that card. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority, but only if they could begin to cast that card by putting it onto the stack. See rule 702.62, "Suspend."
116.2g. A player who has chosen a companion may pay {3} to put that card from outside the game into their hand. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn, but only if they haven't done so yet this game. (See rule 702.139, "Companion.")
116.2i. In a Planechase game, rolling the planar die is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority and the stack is empty during a main phase of their turn. Taking this action costs a player an amount of mana equal to the number of times they have previously taken this action on that turn. Note that this number won't be equal to the number of times the player has rolled the planar die that turn if an effect has caused the player to roll the planar die that turn. See rule 901, "Planechase."
116.2k. A player who has a card with plot in their hand may exile that card. This is a special action. A player can take this action any time they have priority during their own turn while the stack is empty. See rule 702.170, "Plot."
117.1d. A player may activate a mana ability whenever they have priority, whenever they are casting a spell or activating an ability that requires a mana payment, or whenever a rule or effect asks for a mana payment (even in the middle of casting or resolving a spell or activating or resolving an ability).
117.2. Other kinds of abilities and actions are automatically generated or performed by the game rules, or are performed by players without receiving priority.
117.2a. Triggered abilities can trigger at any time, including while a spell is being cast, an ability is being activated, or a spell or ability is resolving. (See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities.") However, nothing actually happens at the time an ability triggers. Each time a player would receive priority, each ability that has triggered but hasn't yet been put on the stack is put on the stack. See rule 117.5.
117.2d. State-based actions happen automatically when certain conditions are met. See rule 704. They're dealt with before a player would receive priority. See rule 117.5.
117.3. Which player has priority is determined by the following rules:
117.3d. If a player has priority and chooses not to take any actions, that player passes. If any mana is in that player's mana pool, they announce what mana is there. Then the next player in turn order receives priority.
118.1. A cost is an action or payment necessary to take another action or to stop another action from taking place. To pay a cost, a player carries out the instructions specified by the spell, ability, or effect that contains that cost.
118.3a. Paying mana is done by removing the indicated mana from a player's mana pool. (Players can always pay 0 mana.) If excess mana remains in that player's mana pool after making that payment, the player announces what mana is still there.
118.3b. Paying life is done by subtracting the indicated amount of life from a player's life total. (Players can always pay 0 life.)
118.3c. Activating mana abilities is not mandatory, even if paying a cost is.
118.4. Some costs include an {X} or an X. See rule 107.3.
118.5. Some costs are represented by {0}, or are reduced to {0}. The action necessary for a player to pay such a cost is the player's acknowledgment that they are paying it. Even though such a cost requires no resources, it's not automatically paid.
118.5a. A spell whose mana cost is {0} must still be cast the same way as one with a cost greater than zero; it won't cast itself automatically. The same is true for an activated ability whose cost is {0}.
118.6. Some objects have no mana cost. This represents an unpayable cost. An ability can also have an unpayable cost if its cost is based on the mana cost of an object with no mana cost. Attempting to cast a spell or activate an ability that has an unpayable cost is a legal action. However, attempting to pay an unpayable cost is an illegal action.
118.6a. If an unpayable cost is increased by an effect or an additional cost is imposed, the cost is still unpayable. If an alternative cost is applied to an unpayable cost, including an effect that allows a player to cast a spell without paying its mana cost, the alternative cost may be paid.
118.7. What a player actually needs to do to pay a cost may be changed or reduced by effects. If the mana component of a cost is reduced to nothing by cost reduction effects, it's considered to be {0}. Paying a cost changed or reduced by an effect counts as paying the original cost.
118.7a. Effects that reduce a cost by an amount of generic mana affect only the generic mana component of that cost. They can't affect the colored or colorless mana components of that cost.
118.7b. If a cost is reduced by an amount of colored or colorless mana, but the cost doesn't require mana of that type, the cost is reduced by that amount of generic mana.
118.7c. If a cost is reduced by an amount of colored mana that exceeds its mana component of that color, the cost's mana component of that color is reduced to nothing and the cost's generic mana component is reduced by the difference.
118.7d. If a cost is reduced by an amount of colorless mana that exceeds its colorless mana component, the cost's colorless mana component is reduced to nothing and the cost's generic mana component is reduced by the difference.
118.7e. If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by a hybrid mana symbol, the player paying that cost chooses one half of that symbol at the time the cost reduction is applied (see rule 601.2f). If a colored half is chosen, the cost is reduced by one mana of that color. If a generic half is chosen, the cost is reduced by an amount of generic mana equal to that half's number.
118.7f. If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by a Phyrexian mana symbol, the cost is reduced by one mana of that symbol's color.
118.7g. If a cost is reduced by an amount of mana represented by one or more snow mana symbols, the cost is reduced by that much generic mana.
118.8a. Any number of additional costs may be applied to a spell as it's being cast or to an ability as it's being activated. The controller of the spell or ability announces their intentions to pay any or all of those costs as described in rule 601.2b.
118.8c. If an effect instructs a player to cast a spell "if able," and that spell has a mandatory additional cost that includes actions involving cards with a stated quality in a hidden zone, the player isn't required to cast that spell, even if those cards are present in that zone.
118.9a. Only one alternative cost can be applied to any one spell as it's being cast. The controller of the spell announces their intentions to pay that cost as described in rule 601.2b.
118.11. The actions performed when paying a cost may be modified by effects. Even if they are, meaning the actions that are performed don't match the actions that are called for, the cost has still been paid. Example: A player controls Psychic Vortex, an enchantment with a cumulative upkeep cost of "Draw a card," and Obstinate Familiar, a creature that says "If you would draw a card, you may skip that draw instead." The player may decide to pay Psychic Vortex's cumulative upkeep cost and then draw no cards instead of drawing the appropriate amount. The cumulative upkeep cost has still been paid.
118.12a. Some spells, activated abilities, and triggered abilities read, "[Do something] unless [a player does something else]." This means the same thing as "[A player may do something else]. If [that player doesn't], [do something]."
118.12b. Some effects offer a player a choice to search a zone and take additional actions with the cards found in that zone, followed by an "If [a player] does" clause. This clause checks whether the player chose to search, not whether the player took any of the additional actions.
118.13b. If a cost paid during the resolution of a spell or ability contains a mana symbol that can be paid in multiple ways, the player paying that cost chooses how to pay for that symbol immediately before they pay that cost.
118.13c. If the cost associated with a special action contains a mana symbol that can be paid in multiple ways, the player taking the special action chooses how to pay for that symbol immediately before they pay that cost.
119.2. Damage dealt to a player normally causes that player to lose that much life. See rule 120.3.
119.3. If an effect causes a player to gain life or lose life, that player's life total is adjusted accordingly.
119.4. If a cost or effect allows a player to pay an amount of life greater than 0, the player may do so only if their life total is greater than or equal to the amount of the payment. If a player pays life, the payment is subtracted from their life total; in other words, the player loses that much life.
119.4a. If a cost or effect allows a player to pay an amount of life greater than 0 in a Two-Headed Giant game, the player may do so only if their team's life total is greater than or equal to the total amount of life both team members are paying for that cost or effect. If a player pays life, the payment is subtracted from their team's life total.
119.5. If an effect sets a player's life total to a specific number, the player gains or loses the necessary amount of life to end up with the new total.
119.7. If an effect says that a player can't gain life, that player can't make an exchange such that the player's life total would become higher; in that case, the exchange won't happen. Similarly, if an effect redistributes life totals, a player can't receive a new life total such that the player's life total would become higher. In addition, a cost that involves having that player gain life can't be paid, and a replacement effect that would replace a life gain event affecting that player won't do anything.
119.9. Some triggered abilities are written, "Whenever [a player] gains life, . . . ." Such abilities are treated as though they are written, "Whenever a source causes [a player] to gain life, . . . ." If a player gains 0 life, no life gain event has occurred, and these abilities won't trigger.
119.10. Some replacement effects are written, "If [a player] would gain life, . . . ." Such abilities are treated as though they are written, "If a source would cause [a player] to gain life, . . . ." If a player gains 0 life, no life gain event would occur, and these effects won't apply.
120.3. Damage may have one or more of the following results, depending on whether the recipient of the damage is a player or permanent, the characteristics of the damage's source, and the characteristics of the damage's recipient (if it's a permanent).
120.3a. Damage dealt to a player by a source without infect causes that player to lose that much life.
120.3e. Damage dealt to a creature by a source with neither wither nor infect causes that much damage to be marked on that creature.
120.3f. Damage dealt by a source with lifelink causes that source's controller to gain that much life, in addition to the damage's other results.
120.4. Damage is processed in a four-part sequence.
120.4a. First, if an effect that's causing damage to be dealt states that excess damage that would be dealt to a permanent is dealt to another permanent or player instead, the damage event is modified accordingly. If the first permanent is a creature, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of what would be lethal damage, taking into account damage already marked on the creature and damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. (See rule 120.6.) Any amount of damage greater than 1 is excess damage if the source dealing that damage to a creature has deathtouch. (See rule 702.2.) If the first permanent is a planeswalker, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of that planeswalker's loyalty, taking into account damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. If the first permanent is a battle, the excess damage is the amount of damage in excess of that battle's defense, taking into account damage from other sources that would be dealt at the same time. If the first permanent has multiple card types from among the list of creature, planeswalker, and battle, the excess damage is the greatest of the calculated amounts for each of the card types it has.
120.4c. Third, damage that's been dealt is processed into its results, as modified by replacement effects that interact with those results (such as life loss or counters).
120.8. If a source would deal 0 damage, it does not deal damage at all. That means abilities that trigger on damage being dealt won't trigger. It also means that replacement effects that would increase the damage dealt by that source, or would have that source deal that damage to a different object or player, have no event to replace, so they have no effect.
120.9. If an ability triggers on damage being dealt by a specific source or sources, and the effect refers to the "damage dealt," it refers only to the damage dealt by the specified sources and not to any damage dealt at the same time by other sources.
120.10. Some triggered abilities check whether a permanent has been dealt excess damage. These abilities check after the permanent has been dealt damage by one or more sources. If those sources together dealt an amount of damage to a creature greater than lethal damage, excess damage equal to the difference was dealt to that creature. If those sources together dealt an amount of damage to a planeswalker greater than that planeswalker's loyalty before the damage was dealt, excess damage equal to the difference was dealt to that planeswalker. If those sources together dealt an amount of damage to a battle greater than that battle's defense before the damage was dealt, excess damage equal to the difference was dealt to that battle. If a permanent has multiple card types from among the list of creature, planeswalker, and battle, the excess damage dealt to that permanent is the greatest of the calculated amounts for each of the card types it has.
121. Drawing a Card
121.2. Cards may only be drawn one at a time. If a player is instructed to draw multiple cards, that player performs that many individual card draws.
121.2a. An instruction to draw multiple cards can be modified by replacement effects that refer to the number of cards drawn. This modification occurs before considering any of the individual card draws. See rule 616.1g.
121.2b. Some effects say that a player can't draw more than one card each turn. Such an effect applies to individual card draws. Instructions to draw multiple cards may still be partially carried out. However, if an effect offers the player a choice to draw multiple cards, the affected player can't choose to do so. Similarly, the player can't pay a cost that includes drawing multiple cards.
121.2c. If more than one player is instructed to draw cards, the active player performs all of their draws first, then each other player in turn order does the same.
121.2d. If more than one player is instructed to draw cards in a game that's using the shared team turns option (such as a Two-Headed Giant game), first each player on the active team, in whatever order that team likes, performs their draws, then each player on each nonactive team in turn order does the same.
121.3. If there are no cards in a player's library and an effect offers that player the choice to draw a card, that player can choose to do so. However, if an effect says that a player can't draw cards and another effect offers that player the choice to draw a card, that player can't choose to do so.
121.3a. The same principles apply if the player who's making the choice is not the player who would draw the card. If the latter player has no cards in their library, the choice can be taken. If an effect says that the latter player can't draw a card, the choice can't be taken.
121.6a. An effect that replaces a card draw is applied even if no cards could be drawn because there are no cards in the affected player's library.
121.6b. If an effect replaces a draw within a sequence of card draws, the replacement effect is completed before resuming the sequence.
121.6c. Some effects perform additional actions on a card after it's drawn. If the draw is replaced, the additional action is not performed on any cards that are drawn as a result of that replacement effect or any subsequent replacement effects.
121.7. Some replacement effects and prevention effects result in one or more card draws. In such a case, if there are any parts of the original event that haven't been replaced, those parts occur first, then the card draws happen one at a time.
121.8. If a spell or ability causes a card to be drawn while another spell is being cast, the drawn card is kept face down until that spell becomes cast (see rule 601.2i) or until the casting process is reversed (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions"). The same is true with relation to another ability being activated. If an effect allows or instructs a player to reveal the card as it's being drawn, it's revealed after the spell becomes cast or the ability becomes activated. While face down, the drawn card is considered to have no characteristics and can't be used to pay any part of the cost of the spell or ability that would require the card to have specific characteristics.
121.9. If an effect gives a player the option to reveal a card as they draw it, that player may look at that card as they draw it before choosing whether to reveal it.
122.1f. If a player has ten or more poison counters, that player loses the game as a state-based action. See rule 704. A player is "poisoned" if they have one or more poison counters. (See rule 810 for additional rules for Two-Headed Giant games.)
122.2. Counters on an object are not retained if that object moves from one zone to another. The counters are not "removed"; they simply cease to exist. See rule 400.7.
122.3. If a permanent has both a +1/+1 counter and a -1/-1 counter on it, N +1/+1 and N -1/-1 counters are removed from it as a state-based action, where N is the smaller of the number of +1/+1 and -1/-1 counters on it. See rule 704.
122.4. If a permanent with an ability that says it can't have more than N counters of a certain kind on it has more than N counters of that kind on it, all but N of those counters are removed from it as a state-based action. See rule 704.
122.5. If an effect says to "move" a counter, it means to remove that counter from the object it's currently on and put it onto a second object. If either of these actions isn't possible, it's not possible to move a counter, and no counter is removed from or put onto anything. This may occur if the first and second objects are the same object; if the first object doesn't have the appropriate kind of counter on it; if the second object can't have counters put onto it; or if either object is no longer in the correct zone.
122.7. An ability that triggers "When/Whenever the Nth [kind] counter" is put on an object triggers when one or more counters of the appropriate kind are put on the object such that the object had fewer than N counters on it before the counters were put on it and N or more counters on it after.
123.2. Stickers are found in boosters of the Unfinity expansion on numbered inserts. Each insert has a predetermined combination of stickers. Any rule that refers to a sticker sheet refers to the specific combination of stickers found on one of those inserts. Sticker sheets are not cards and have no characteristics. Each sticker sheet can be found at Gatherer.Wizards.com.
123.2a. In constructed play, a player who chooses to play with stickers must start the game with at least ten sticker sheets selected before play begins, and each of their sticker sheets must be unique. There is no maximum number of sticker sheets a player may start the game with. Each player playing with sticker sheets reveals all of their sticker sheets and chooses three of them at random. See rule 103, "Starting the Game."
123.2b. In limited play, each player chooses up to three sticker sheets from among those in the sealed products they opened and reveals them. See rule 103, "Starting the Game."
123.2c. Each player has access to only the stickers on the chosen sheets during the game, and those sticker sheets remain revealed.
123.3. If an effect instructs a player to put a sticker on an object, that player chooses a sticker that is not currently on any objects they own from among the stickers they have access to and puts it on that object.
123.3a. Each sticker a player has access to is discrete and is distinct from each other sticker they have access to. Two stickers are never considered to be the same sticker, even if they have the same text or information on them.
123.3b. A player can't put a sticker on an object that they don't own. If an effect would cause them to do so, that part of the effect does nothing.
123.3c. A sticker may have a ticket cost represented by a number inside a ticket symbol (see rule 107.17a). In order to put a sticker with a ticket cost on an object, the player who owns that object must pay that much {TK}. If they don't have that much {TK}, they can't put that sticker on an object.
123.3d. If a sticker that is already on an object is moved to another object, that sticker's ticket cost does not need to be paid again.
123.4. Some rules and effects refer to a "stickered" object. An object is "stickered" if it currently has any kind of sticker on it. An object without any stickers on it is not a stickered object, even if it previously had stickers on it.
123.6a. For the purposes of rules and effects related to name stickers, a "word" in an object's name is any series of non-space characters that are separated from other non-space characters by one or more spaces. Hyphenated words and words with punctuation are considered to be one word. Blank lines, such as the one in "Wolf in ________ Clothing," are not considered words in a card's name.
123.6b. As a name sticker is placed on an object, that object's controller chooses a position in that object's name for the word in the name sticker to be added, then announces that object's new name. That word can be added at the beginning of the object's name or after any number of the other words that are currently in its name. The new name can be further modified by other name stickers. If that object has no name, its name becomes the word added by the name sticker. Name stickers never modify or remove any of the other words in that name. Example: As a player puts a name sticker with the word "Dark" printed on it onto a creature named Bear Cub, that creature's controller chooses whether its new name is "Dark Bear Cub," "Bear Dark Cub," or "Bear Cub Dark." They then announce the new name to all players.
123.6c. The text that a name sticker is modifying may change due to other effects and/or a permanent's face-down status (see rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents"). To determine the name of an object with one or more name stickers, start with the object's copiable values, then apply each name sticker's effect and each other text-changing effect in timestamp order. The position of each name sticker will continue to be after the number of words that were before it in the object's name when it was placed. If there are fewer words in the object's current name, the word on that sticker is added at the end of its name instead. The position and timestamp order of each name sticker on an object is remembered as the object that sticker is on moves from one public zone to another, and it continues to apply to the new object it becomes in that zone (see rule 123.5). This is an exception to rule 400.7. Example: Fae of Wishes, an adventurer card, is in exile with a name sticker on it adding the word "Mana" after its second word, so its name is "Fae of Mana Wishes." An effect allows that player to cast Granted, its Adventure, from exile. The name of that spell on the stack is "Granted Mana." After that card is exiled as the Adventure resolves, the sticker's position (after the second word) is remembered, so the name of the exiled card is once again "Fae of Mana Wishes." Example: A player owns a creature named It That Betrays on the battlefield. Using name stickers, they add the word "Eldrazi" to its name after the third word, such that its new name is "It That Betrays Eldrazi." Later, that creature becomes a copy of a creature named Seeker of the Way. The name sticker continues to apply after the third word, so its new name is "Seeker of the Eldrazi Way." Example: A creature with a name sticker on it becomes enchanted by Witness Protection, an Aura that changes the creature's name to "Legitimate Businessperson." Since Witness Protection is also a text-changing effect, and it has a later timestamp than the name sticker, the word on that name sticker is not part of the creature's name. Its name is "Legitimate Businessperson."
123.6d. Some effects refer to the number of one or more specific letters on a name sticker. A lowercase letter and its uppercase equivalent are the same letter.
123.6e. Some effects refer to the number of "unique vowels" on a name sticker. These count the number of different vowels that appear on that sticker, even if one or more of them appear more than once. The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y. A lowercase letter and its uppercase equivalent are the same letter.
123.7a. If an effect refers to an ability of an ability sticker, it refers to the ability that sticker grants to the object it is on, even if the object it is on doesn't currently have that ability due to another effect.
123.8a. An effect that refers to the power and/or toughness of a sticker refers only to the printed power and/or toughness values on a power and toughness sticker. It does not refer to any printed value on any other stickers.
123.9. An art sticker on a permanent has no effect on game play other than to act as a marker that other spells and abilities can identify.
2. Parts of a Card
200.2. Some parts of a card are also characteristics of the object that has them. See rule 109.3.
201.1. The name of a card is printed on its upper left corner.
201.2. A card's name is always considered to be the English version of its name, regardless of printed language.
201.2a. Two or more objects have the same name if they have at least one name in common, even if one or more of those objects have additional names. An object with no name doesn't have the same name as any other object, including another object with no name.
201.2b. Some spells and abilities refer to two or more objects with different names. Those objects have different names only if each of them has at least one name and no two objects in that group have a name in common. Example: A player controls Liliana's Contract, which says, in part, "At the beginning of your upkeep, if you control four or more Demons with different names, you win the game." That player controls three Demons with different names and a face-down creature with no name, with an effect making it a Demon. Because the four creatures include one with no name, those four creatures don't count as four Demons with different names. The ability of Liliana's Contract won't trigger.
201.2c. Some spells or abilities check if one object has a different name than a second object or group of objects. The first object has a different name than those objects if the first object has at least one name and has no names in common with any of the other objects, even if one or more of the other objects have no names. If the first object has no name, it does not have a different name than any of the other objects, even if those other objects themselves have names.
201.3. Some cards with different English names are treated as though they had the same English name. Pairs of cards with this property have names that are interchangeable.
201.3a. For the purposes of all rules, abilities, and effects that refer to a card's name, objects with interchangeable names have the same name. (See rules 201.2a-b.)
201.3b. For the purposes of deck construction and format legality, cards with interchangeable names have the same name.
201.3c. If a card has later printings with interchangeable names, the later printings will have an interchangeable names indicator in the bottom left-hand corner referring to the original printing's three-letter set code and collector number (see rule 213.1d).
201.4a. If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, the player must choose the name of a card whose Oracle text matches those characteristics. (See rule 108.1.) Example: Dispossess reads, in part, "Choose an artifact card name." The player can choose the name of any artifact card, even one that's not legal in the format of the current game. The player can't choose Island, even if an Island on the battlefield has been turned into artifact by some effect.
201.4b. If a player wants to choose the name of a split card, the player must choose the name of one of its halves, but not both. (See rule 709.) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only that half's characteristics to determine if this name can be chosen.
201.4d. If a player wants to choose the name of the back face of a double-faced card, the player may do so. (See rule 712.) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only the characteristics of the back face to determine if this name can be chosen.
201.4e. If a player wants to choose the name of the combined back face of a meld pair, the player may do so. (See rule 713.) If a player is instructed to choose a card name with certain characteristics, use only the characteristics of the combined back face to determine if this name can be chosen.
201.4g. Some cards have interchangeable names (see rule 201.3). For all game purposes, these cards have the same name. If a player chooses the name of a card which has interchangeable names, the name of each of those cards has been chosen.
201.5. Text that refers to the object it's on by name means just that particular object and not any other objects with that name, regardless of any name changes caused by game effects.
201.5a. If an ability's effect grants another ability to an object, and that second ability refers to that first ability's source by name, the name refers only to the specific object which is that first ability's source. The second ability does not refer to any other object with the same name as the first ability's source. However, if the second ability also moved the first ability's source to a different public zone, the name refers to the object the source became in its new zone. This is also true if the second ability is copied onto a new object. Example: Gutter Grime has an ability that reads "Whenever a nontoken creature you control dies, put a slime counter on this enchantment, then create a green Ooze creature token with 'This token's power and toughness are each equal to the number of slime counters on Gutter Grime.'" The ability granted to the token only looks at the Gutter Grime that created the token, not at any other Gutter Grime on the battlefield. A copy of that token would also have an ability that referred only to the Gutter Grime that created the original token.
201.5b. If an ability of an object refers to that object by name, and an object with a different name gains that ability, each instance of the first name in the gained ability that refers to the first object by name should be treated as the second name. Example: Quicksilver Elemental says, in part, "{U}: This creature gains all activated abilities of target creature until end of turn." If it gains an ability that says "{BB}: Regenerate Skithiryx," activating that ability will regenerate Quicksilver Elemental, not the Skithiryx, the Blight Dragon it gained the ability from. Example: Glacial Ray is an instant with splice onto Arcane that says "Glacial Ray deals 2 damage to any target." If it's spliced onto a Kodama's Reach, that Kodama's Reach deals 2 damage to the target. Example: The Ever-Changing 'Dane says "{1}, Sacrifice another creature: The Ever-Changing 'Dane becomes a copy of the sacrificed creature, except it has this ability." Its ability is activated sacrificing a Runeclaw Bear. The Ever-Changing 'Dane becomes a copy of Runeclaw Bear and gains an ability that should be treated as saying "{1}, Sacrifice another creature: Runeclaw Bear becomes a copy of the sacrificed creature, except it has this ability."
201.5c. Text printed on some cards refers to that card by a shortened version of its name. Instances of a card's shortened name used in this manner are treated as though they used the card's full name.
202.1. A card's mana cost is indicated by mana symbols near the top of the card. (See rule 107.4.) On most cards, these symbols are printed in the upper right corner. Some cards from the Future Sight set have alternate frames in which the mana symbols appear to the left of the illustration.
202.2a. The five colors are white, blue, black, red, and green. The white mana symbol is represented by {W}, blue by {U}, black by {B}, red by {R}, and green by {G}. Example: An object with a mana cost of {2}{W} is white, an object with a mana cost of {2} is colorless, and one with a mana cost of {2}{W}{B} is both white and black.
202.3. The mana value of an object is a number equal to the total amount of mana in its mana cost, regardless of color. Example: A mana cost of {3}{U}{U} translates to a mana value of 5.
202.3c. The mana value of a melded permanent is calculated as though it had the combined mana cost of the front faces of each card that represents it. If a permanent is a copy of a melded permanent (even if that copy is represented by two other meld cards), the mana value of the copy is 0.
202.3e. When calculating the mana value of an object with an {X} in its mana cost, X is treated as 0 while the object is not on the stack, and X is treated as the number chosen for it while the object is on the stack.
202.3f. When calculating the mana value of an object with a hybrid mana symbol in its mana cost, use the largest component of each hybrid symbol. Example: The mana value of a card with mana cost {1}{W/U}{W/U} is 3. Example: The mana value of a card with mana cost {2/B}{2/B}{2/B} is 6.
203.1. The illustration is printed on the upper half of a card and has no effect on game play. For example, a creature doesn't have the flying ability unless stated in its rules text, even if it's depicted as flying.
204.1. The color indicator is printed to the left of the type line directly below the illustration. It consists of a circular symbol filled in with one or more colors. A color indicator is usually found on nonland cards without a mana cost.
205.1. The type line is printed directly below the illustration. It contains the card's card type(s). It also contains the card's subtype(s) and supertype(s), if applicable.
205.2b. Some objects have more than one card type (for example, an artifact creature). Such objects satisfy the criteria for any effect that applies to any of their card types.
205.3a. A card can have one or more subtypes printed on its type line.
205.3b. Subtypes of each card type except creature and plane are always single words and are listed after a long dash. Each word after the dash is a separate subtype. Subtypes of creature cards are one or two words and are listed after a long dash. Each word or two-word phrase, as listed in rule 205.3m, is a separate subtype. Objects other than planes may have multiple subtypes. Subtypes of planes are also listed after a long dash, but may be multiple words; all words after the dash are, collectively, a single subtype. Example: "Basic Land -- Mountain" means the card is a land with the subtype Mountain. "Creature -- Goblin Wizard" means the card is a creature with the subtypes Goblin and Wizard. "Artifact -- Equipment" means the card is an artifact with the subtype Equipment.
205.3d. An object can't gain a subtype that doesn't correspond to one of that object's types.
205.3e. If an effect instructs a player to choose a subtype, that player must choose one, and only one, existing subtype, and the subtype must be for the appropriate card type. For example, the player can't choose a land type if an instruction requires choosing a creature type. Example: When choosing a creature type, "Merfolk" or "Wizard" is acceptable, but "Merfolk Wizard" is not. Words like "artifact," "opponent," "Swamp," or "truck" can't be chosen because they aren't creature types.
205.3f. Many cards were printed with subtypes that are now obsolete. Many cards have retroactively received subtypes. Use the Oracle card reference to determine what a card's subtypes are. (See rule 108.1.)
205.3j. Planeswalkers have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called planeswalker types. The planeswalker types are Ajani, Aminatou, Angrath, Arlinn, Ashiok, Bahamut, Basri, Bolas, Calix, Chandra, Comet, Dack, Dakkon, Daretti, Davriel, Dihada, Domri, Dovin, Ellywick, Elminster, Elspeth, Estrid, Freyalise, Garruk, Gideon, Grist, Guff, Huatli, Jace, Jared, Jaya, Jeska, Kaito, Karn, Kasmina, Kaya, Kiora, Koth, Liliana, Lolth, Lukka, Minsc, Mordenkainen, Nahiri, Narset, Niko, Nissa, Nixilis, Oko, Quintorius, Ral, Rowan, Saheeli, Samut, Sarkhan, Serra, Sivitri, Sorin, Szat, Tamiyo, Tasha, Teferi, Teyo, Tezzeret, Tibalt, Tyvar, Ugin, Urza, Venser, Vivien, Vraska, Vronos, Will, Windgrace, Wrenn, Xenagos, Yanggu, Yanling, and Zariel.
205.3m. Creatures and kindreds share their lists of subtypes; these subtypes are called creature types. One creature type is two words long: Time Lord. All other creature types are one word long: Advisor, Aetherborn, Alien, Ally, Angel, Antelope, Ape, Archer, Archon, Armadillo, Army, Artificer, Assassin, Assembly-Worker, Astartes, Atog, Aurochs, Avatar, Azra, Badger, Balloon, Barbarian, Bard, Basilisk, Bat, Bear, Beast, Beaver, Beeble, Beholder, Berserker, Bird, Blinkmoth, Boar, Bringer, Brushwagg, Camarid, Camel, Capybara, Caribou, Carrier, Cat, Centaur, Child, Chimera, Citizen, Cleric, Clown, Cockatrice, Construct, Coward, Coyote, Crab, Crocodile, C'tan, Custodes, Cyberman, Cyclops, Dalek, Dauthi, Demigod, Demon, Deserter, Detective, Devil, Dinosaur, Djinn, Doctor, Dog, Dragon, Drake, Dreadnought, Drone, Druid, Dryad, Dwarf, Efreet, Egg, Elder, Eldrazi, Elemental, Elephant, Elf, Elk, Employee, Eye, Faerie, Ferret, Fish, Flagbearer, Fox, Fractal, Frog, Fungus, Gamer, Gargoyle, Germ, Giant, Gith, Glimmer, Gnoll, Gnome, Goat, Goblin, God, Golem, Gorgon, Graveborn, Gremlin, Griffin, Guest, Hag, Halfling, Hamster, Harpy, Hellion, Hero, Hippo, Hippogriff, Homarid, Homunculus, Horror, Horse, Human, Hydra, Hyena, Illusion, Imp, Incarnation, Inkling, Inquisitor, Insect, Jackal, Jellyfish, Juggernaut, Kavu, Kirin, Kithkin, Knight, Kobold, Kor, Kraken, Llama, Lamia, Lammasu, Leech, Leviathan, Lhurgoyf, Licid, Lizard, Manticore, Masticore, Mercenary, Merfolk, Metathran, Minion, Minotaur, Mite, Mole, Monger, Mongoose, Monk, Monkey, Moogle, Moonfolk, Mount, Mouse, Mutant, Myr, Mystic, Nautilus, Necron, Nephilim, Nightmare, Nightstalker, Ninja, Noble, Noggle, Nomad, Nymph, Octopus, Ogre, Ooze, Orb, Orc, Orgg, Otter, Ouphe, Ox, Oyster, Pangolin, Peasant, Pegasus, Pentavite, Performer, Pest, Phelddagrif, Phoenix, Phyrexian, Pilot, Pincher, Pirate, Plant, Porcupine, Possum, Praetor, Primarch, Prism, Processor, Qu, Rabbit, Raccoon, Ranger, Rat, Rebel, Reflection, Rhino, Rigger, Robot, Rogue, Sable, Salamander, Samurai, Sand, Saproling, Satyr, Scarecrow, Scientist, Scion, Scorpion, Scout, Sculpture, Seal, Serf, Serpent, Servo, Shade, Shaman, Shapeshifter, Shark, Sheep, Siren, Skeleton, Skunk, Slith, Sliver, Sloth, Slug, Snail, Snake, Soldier, Soltari, Spawn, Specter, Spellshaper, Sphinx, Spider, Spike, Spirit, Splinter, Sponge, Squid, Squirrel, Starfish, Surrakar, Survivor, Synth, Tentacle, Tetravite, Thalakos, Thopter, Thrull, Tiefling, Toy, Treefolk, Trilobite, Triskelavite, Troll, Turtle, Tyranid, Unicorn, Vampire, Varmint, Vedalken, Volver, Wall, Walrus, Warlock, Warrior, Weasel, Weird, Werewolf, Whale, Wizard, Wolf, Wolverine, Wombat, Worm, Wraith, Wurm, Yeti, Zombie, and Zubera.
205.3n. Planes have their own unique set of subtypes; these subtypes are called planar types. The planar types are The Abyss, Alara, Alfava Metraxis, Amonkhet, Androzani Minor, Antausia, Apalapucia, Arcavios, Arkhos, Avishkar, Azgol, Belenon, Bolas's Meditation Realm, Capenna, Cridhe, The Dalek Asylum, Darillium, Dominaria, Earth, Echoir, Eldraine, Equilor, Ergamon, Fabacin, Fiora, Gallifrey, Gargantikar, Gobakhan, Horsehead Nebula, Ikoria, Innistrad, Iquatana, Ir, Ixalan, Kaldheim, Kamigawa, Kandoka, Karsus, Kephalai, Kinshala, Kolbahan, Kylem, Kyneth, The Library, Lorwyn, Luvion, Mars, Mercadia, Mirrodin, Moag, Mongseng, Moon, Muraganda, Necros, New Earth, New Phyrexia, Outside Mutter's Spiral, Phyrexia, Pyrulea, Rabiah, Rath, Ravnica, Regatha, Segovia, Serra's Realm, Shadowmoor, Shandalar, Shenmeng, Skaro, Spacecraft, Tarkir, Theros, Time, Trenzalore, Ulgrotha, Unknown Planet, Valla, Vryn, Wildfire, Xerex, Zendikar, and Zhalfir.
206.1. The expansion symbol indicates which Magic set a card is from. It's a small icon normally printed below the right edge of the illustration. It has no effect on game play.
206.2. The color of the expansion symbol indicates the rarity of the card within its set. A red-orange symbol indicates the card is mythic rare. A gold symbol indicates the card is rare. A silver symbol indicates the card is uncommon. A black or white symbol indicates the card is common or is a basic land. A purple symbol signifies a special rarity; to date, only the Time Spiral (tm) "timeshifted" cards, which were rarer than that set's rare cards, have had purple expansion symbols. (Prior to the Exodus (tm) set, all expansion symbols were black, regardless of rarity. Also, prior to the Sixth Edition core set, with the exception of the Simplified Chinese Fifth Edition core set, Magic core sets didn't have expansion symbols at all.)
206.3. Previously, a spell or ability that affected cards from a particular set checked for that set's expansion symbol. These cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say they affect cards "with a name originally printed" in a particular set.
206.3a. One card (City in a Bottle) refers to permanents and cards with a name originally printed in the Arabian Nights (tm) expansion. Those names are Abu Ja'far, Aladdin, Aladdin's Lamp, Aladdin's Ring, Ali Baba, Ali from Cairo, Army of Allah, Bazaar of Baghdad, Bird Maiden, Bottle of Suleiman, Brass Man, Camel, City in a Bottle, City of Brass, Cuombajj Witches, Cyclone, Dancing Scimitar, Dandan, Desert, Desert Nomads, Desert Twister, Diamond Valley, Drop of Honey, Ebony Horse, Elephant Graveyard, El-Hajjaj, Erg Raiders, Erhnam Djinn, Eye for an Eye, Fishliver Oil, Flying Carpet, Flying Men, Ghazban Ogre, Giant Tortoise, Guardian Beast, Hasran Ogress, Hurr Jackal, Ifh-Biff Efreet, Island Fish Jasconius, Island of Wak-Wak, Jandor's Ring, Jandor's Saddlebags, Jeweled Bird, Jihad, Junun Efreet, Juzam Djinn, Khabal Ghoul, King Suleiman, Kird Ape, Library of Alexandria, Magnetic Mountain, Merchant Ship, Metamorphosis, Mijae Djinn, Moorish Cavalry, Nafs Asp, Oasis, Old Man of the Sea, Oubliette, Piety, Pyramids, Repentant Blacksmith, Ring of Ma'ruf, Rukh Egg, Sandals of Abdallah, Sandstorm, Serendib Djinn, Serendib Efreet, Shahrazad, Sindbad, Singing Tree, Sorceress Queen, Stone-Throwing Devils, Unstable Mutation, War Elephant, Wyluli Wolf, and Ydwen Efreet.
206.3b. One card (Golgothian Sylex) refers to permanents with a name originally printed in the Antiquities (tm) expansion. Those names are Amulet of Kroog, Argivian Archaeologist, Argivian Blacksmith, Argothian Pixies, Argothian Treefolk, Armageddon Clock, Artifact Blast, Artifact Possession, Artifact Ward, Ashnod's Altar, Ashnod's Battle Gear, Ashnod's Transmogrant, Atog, Battering Ram, Bronze Tablet, Candelabra of Tawnos, Circle of Protection: Artifacts, Citanul Druid, Clay Statue, Clockwork Avian, Colossus of Sardia, Coral Helm, Crumble, Cursed Rack, Damping Field, Detonate, Drafna's Restoration, Dragon Engine, Dwarven Weaponsmith, Energy Flux, Feldon's Cane, Gaea's Avenger, Gate to Phyrexia, Goblin Artisans, Golgothian Sylex, Grapeshot Catapult, Haunting Wind, Hurkyl's Recall, Ivory Tower, Jalum Tome, Martyrs of Korlis, Mightstone, Millstone, Mishra's Factory, Mishra's War Machine, Mishra's Workshop, Obelisk of Undoing, Onulet, Orcish Mechanics, Ornithopter, Phyrexian Gremlins, Power Artifact, Powerleech, Priest of Yawgmoth, Primal Clay, The Rack, Rakalite, Reconstruction, Reverse Polarity, Rocket Launcher, Sage of Lat-Nam, Shapeshifter, Shatterstorm, Staff of Zegon, Strip Mine, Su-Chi, Tablet of Epityr, Tawnos's Coffin, Tawnos's Wand, Tawnos's Weaponry, Tetravus, Titania's Song, Transmute Artifact, Triskelion, Urza's Avenger, Urza's Chalice, Urza's Mine, Urza's Miter, Urza's Power Plant, Urza's Tower, Wall of Spears, Weakstone, Xenic Poltergeist, Yawgmoth Demon, and Yotian Soldier.
206.3c. One card (Apocalypse Chime) refers to permanents with a name originally printed in the Homelands (tm) expansion. Those names are Abbey Gargoyles; Abbey Matron; Aether Storm; Aliban's Tower; Ambush; Ambush Party; Anaba Ancestor; Anaba Bodyguard; Anaba Shaman; Anaba Spirit Crafter; An-Havva Constable; An-Havva Inn; An-Havva Township; An-Zerrin Ruins; Apocalypse Chime; Autumn Willow; Aysen Abbey; Aysen Bureaucrats; Aysen Crusader; Aysen Highway; Baki's Curse; Baron Sengir; Beast Walkers; Black Carriage; Broken Visage; Carapace; Castle Sengir; Cemetery Gate; Chain Stasis; Chandler; Clockwork Gnomes; Clockwork Steed; Clockwork Swarm; Coral Reef; Dark Maze; Daughter of Autumn; Death Speakers; Didgeridoo; Drudge Spell; Dry Spell; Dwarven Pony; Dwarven Sea Clan; Dwarven Trader; Ebony Rhino; Eron the Relentless; Evaporate; Faerie Noble; Feast of the Unicorn; Feroz's Ban; Folk of An-Havva; Forget; Funeral March; Ghost Hounds; Giant Albatross; Giant Oyster; Grandmother Sengir; Greater Werewolf; Hazduhr the Abbot; Headstone; Heart Wolf; Hungry Mist; Ihsan's Shade; Irini Sengir; Ironclaw Curse; Jinx; Joven; Joven's Ferrets; Joven's Tools; Koskun Falls; Koskun Keep; Labyrinth Minotaur; Leaping Lizard; Leeches; Mammoth Harness; Marjhan; Memory Lapse; Merchant Scroll; Mesa Falcon; Mystic Decree; Narwhal; Orcish Mine; Primal Order; Prophecy; Rashka the Slayer; Reef Pirates; Renewal; Retribution; Reveka, Wizard Savant; Root Spider; Roots; Roterothopter; Rysorian Badger; Samite Alchemist; Sea Sprite; Sea Troll; Sengir Autocrat; Sengir Bats; Serra Aviary; Serra Bestiary; Serra Inquisitors; Serra Paladin; Serrated Arrows; Shrink; Soraya the Falconer; Spectral Bears; Timmerian Fiends; Torture; Trade Caravan; Truce; Veldrane of Sengir; Wall of Kelp; Willow Faerie; Willow Priestess; Winter Sky; and Wizards' School.
207.1. The text box is printed on the lower half of the card. It usually contains rules text defining the card's abilities.
207.2. The text box may also contain italicized text that has no game function.
207.2a. Reminder text is italicized text within parentheses that summarizes a rule that applies to that card. It usually appears on the same line as the ability it's relevant to, but it may appear on its own line if it applies to an aspect of the card other than an ability.
207.2b. Flavor text is italicized text that, like the illustration, adds artistic appeal to the game. It usually appears below the rules text.
207.2c. An ability word appears in italics at the beginning of some abilities. Ability words are similar to keywords in that they tie together cards that have similar functionality, but they have no special rules meaning and no individual entries in the Comprehensive Rules. The ability words are adamant, addendum, alliance, battalion, bloodrush, celebration, channel, chroma, cohort, constellation, converge, council's dilemma, coven, delirium, descend 4, descend 8, domain, eerie, eminence, enrage, fateful hour, fathomless descent, ferocious, flurry, formidable, grandeur, hellbent, heroic, imprint, inspired, join forces, kinship, landfall, lieutenant, magecraft, metalcraft, morbid, pack tactics, paradox, parley, radiance, raid, rally, renew, revolt, secret council, spell mastery, strive, survival, sweep, tempting offer, threshold, undergrowth, valiant, and will of the council.
207.2d. Similar to ability words, flavor words appear in italics at the beginning of some abilities. Flavor words provide a flavorful description of abilities, but they have no special rules meaning and are not listed in the Comprehensive Rules. While an ability word ties together several abilities with similar functionality, each flavor word is tailored to the specific ability it appears with.
207.3. Some cards have decorative icons in the background of their text boxes. For example, a guild icon appears in the text box of many cards associated with the guilds of Ravnica, and a faction icon appears in the text box of most Scars of Mirrodin (tm) block cards. Similarly, many promotional cards include decorative icons. These icons have no effect on game play.
207.4. The chaos symbol appears in the text box of each plane card to the left of a triggered ability that triggers whenever chaos ensues. The symbol itself has no special rules meaning. See rule 901, "Planechase."
207.5. One card (Cryptic Spires) has a set of symbols below the text box that represent each color and an ability that instructs a player to circle two of those colors as they create their deck. To circle a color, the player circles (or otherwise clearly indicates) that color's symbol. The mana symbol of each circled color is considered part of that card's printed rules text (see rule 613.1) and affects that card's color identity (see rule 903.4).
208.1. A creature card has two numbers separated by a slash printed in its lower right corner. The first number is its power (the amount of damage it deals in combat); the second is its toughness (the amount of damage needed to destroy it). For example, 2/3 means the object has power 2 and toughness 3. Power and toughness can be modified or set to particular values by effects.
208.2. Rather than a fixed number, some creature cards have power and/or toughness that includes a star (*).
208.2a. The card may have a characteristic-defining ability that sets its power and/or toughness according to some stated condition. (See rule 604.3.) Such an ability is worded "[This creature's] [power or toughness] is equal to . . ." or "[This creature's] power and toughness are each equal to . . ." This ability functions everywhere, even outside the game. If the ability needs to use a number that can't be determined, including inside a calculation, use 0 instead of that number. Example: Lost Order of Jarkeld has power and toughness each equal to 1+*. It has the abilities "As this creature enters, choose an opponent" and "Lost Order of Jarkeld's power and toughness are each equal to 1 plus the number of creatures the chosen player controls." While Lost Order of Jarkeld isn't on the battlefield, there won't be a chosen player. Its power and toughness will each be equal to 1 plus 0, so it's 1/1.
208.5. If a creature somehow has no value for its power, its power is 0. The same is true for toughness.
210.1. Each battle card has a defense number printed in its lower right corner. This indicates its defense while it's not on the battlefield, and it also indicates that the battle enters the battlefield with that many defense counters on it (see rule 310.4b).
211.1. Each vanguard card has a hand modifier printed in its lower left corner. This is a number preceded by a plus sign, a number preceded by a minus sign, or a zero. This modifier is applied as the starting hand size and the maximum hand size of the vanguard card's owner are determined. See rule 103.5.
212.1. Each vanguard card has a life modifier printed in its lower right corner. This is a number preceded by a plus sign, a number preceded by a minus sign, or a zero. This modifier is applied as the starting life total of the vanguard card's owner is determined. See rule 103.4.
213. Information Below the Text Box
213.1. Each card features text printed below the text box that has no effect on game play. Not all card sets were printed with all of the information listed below on each card.
213.1a. Most card sets feature collector numbers. This information is printed in the form [card number]/[total cards in the set] or simply [card number]. Some cards, such as unique cards in Planeswalker Decks(r), have card numbers that exceed the listed total number of cards.
213.1b. A card's rarity is indicated with a single letter following the collector number.
213.1c. Some promotional cards include information to indicate the specific promotion the card is associated with.
213.1d. Some cards with interchangeable names include information about a specific version of a card with that interchangeable name. See rule 201.3.
213.1e. The three-character code representing the set in which a card is printed and the two-character code representing the language in which a card is printed are separated by a bullet point. If a card is premium, these codes are instead separated by a star.
213.1f. The illustration credit for a card follows the paintbrush icon or, on older cards, the abbreviation "Illus."
213.1g. Legal text (the fine print at the bottom or bottom-right of the card) lists the trademark and copyright information.
300.2. Some objects have more than one card type (for example, an artifact creature). Such objects combine the aspects of each of those card types, and are subject to spells and abilities that affect either or all of those card types.
300.2a. An object that's both a land and another card type (for example, an artifact land) can only be played as a land. It can't be cast as a spell.
300.2b. Each kindred card has another card type. Casting and resolving a kindred card follow the rules for casting and resolving a card of the other card type.
301.5. Some artifacts have the subtype "Equipment." An Equipment can be attached to a creature. It can't legally be attached to anything that isn't a creature.
301.7b. If a Vehicle becomes a creature, it immediately has its printed power and toughness. Other effects, including the effect that makes it a creature, may modify these values or set them to different values.
302.4c. To determine a creature's power and toughness, start with the numbers printed in its lower right corner, then apply any applicable continuous effects. (See rule 613, "Interaction of Continuous Effects.")
302.6. A creature's activated ability with the tap symbol or the untap symbol in its activation cost can't be activated unless the creature has been under its controller's control continuously since their most recent turn began. A creature can't attack unless it has been under its controller's control continuously since their most recent turn began. This rule is informally called the "summoning sickness" rule.
303.4b. The object or player an Aura is attached to is called enchanted. The Aura is attached to, or "enchants," that object or player.
303.4c. If an Aura is enchanting an illegal object or player as defined by its enchant ability and other applicable effects, the object it was attached to no longer exists, or the player it was attached to has left the game, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704.)
303.4i. If an effect attempts to put an Aura onto the battlefield attached to either an object or player it can't legally enchant or an object or player that is undefined, the Aura remains in its current zone, unless that zone is the stack. In that case, the Aura is put into its owner's graveyard instead of entering the battlefield. If the Aura is a token, it isn't created.
303.4k. If an effect allows an Aura that's being turned face up to become attached to an object or player, the Aura's controller considers the characteristics of that Aura as it would exist if it were face up to determine what it may be attached to, and they must choose a legal object or player according to the Aura's enchant ability and any other applicable effects.
303.7a. If a permanent has more than one Role controlled by the same player attached to it, each of those Roles except the one with the most recent timestamp is put into its owner's graveyard. This is a state-based action. See rule 704.
304.5. If text states that a player may do something "any time they could cast an instant" or "only as an instant," it means only that the player must have priority. The player doesn't need to have an instant card they could cast. Effects that would preclude that player from casting an instant spell don't affect the player's capability to perform that action (unless the action is actually casting an instant spell).
305.2a. To determine whether a player can play a land, compare the number of lands the player can play this turn with the number of lands they have already played this turn (including lands played as special actions and lands played during the resolution of spells and abilities). If the number of lands the player can play is greater, the play is legal.
305.2b. A player can't play a land, for any reason, if the number of lands the player can play this turn is equal to or less than the number of lands they have already played this turn. Ignore any part of an effect that instructs a player to do so.
305.3. A player can't play a land, for any reason, if it isn't their turn. Ignore any part of an effect that instructs a player to do so.
305.4. Effects may also allow players to "put" lands onto the battlefield. This isn't the same as "playing a land" and doesn't count as a land played during the current turn.
305.9. If an object is both a land and another card type, it can be played only as a land. It can't be cast as a spell.
306.5a. The loyalty of a planeswalker card not on the battlefield is equal to the number printed in its lower right corner.
307.5. If a spell, ability, or effect states that a player can do something only "any time they could cast a sorcery" or "only as a sorcery," it means only that the player must have priority, it must be during the main phase of their turn, and the stack must be empty. The player doesn't need to have a sorcery card they could cast. Effects that would preclude that player from casting a sorcery spell don't affect the player's capability to perform that action (unless the action is actually casting a sorcery spell).
307.5a. Similarly, if an effect checks to see if a spell was cast "any time a sorcery couldn't have been cast," it's checking only whether the spell's controller cast it without having priority, during a phase other than their main phase, or while another object was on the stack.
308.1. Each kindred card has another card type. Casting and resolving a kindred card follows the rules for casting and resolving a card of the other card type.
308.3. Some older kindred cards were printed with the "tribal" card type. Cards printed with that type have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
309.2b. A dungeon card that's brought into the game is put into the command zone until it leaves the game.
309.4. Each dungeon card has a series of rooms connected to one another with arrows. A player uses a venture marker placed on the dungeon card they own to indicate which room they are currently in.
309.4b. Each room has a name. These names are considered flavor text and do not affect game play.
309.5a. If a player ventures into the dungeon while they own a dungeon card in the command zone and their venture marker isn't on that dungeon's bottommost room, they move their venture marker from the room it is on to the next room, following the direction of an arrow pointing away from the room their venture marker is on. If there are multiple arrows pointing away from the room the player's venture marker is on, they choose one of them to follow.
310.4a. The defense of a battle card not on the battlefield is equal to the number printed in its lower right corner.
310.11. All currently existing battles have the subtype Siege. Sieges are subject to special rules.
311.2. Plane cards remain in the command zone throughout the game, both while they're part of a planar deck and while they're face up. They're not permanents. They can't be cast. If a plane card would leave the command zone, it remains in the command zone.
311.3. Plane subtypes are listed after a long dash, and may be multiple words: "Plane -- Serra's Realm." All words after the dash are, collectively, a single subtype. Planar subtypes are called planar types. A plane can have only one subtype. See rule 205.3n for the complete list of planar types.
311.5. The controller of a face-up plane card is the player designated as the planar controller. Normally, the planar controller is whoever the active player is. However, if the current planar controller would leave the game, instead the next player in turn order that wouldn't leave the game becomes the planar controller, then the old planar controller leaves the game. The new planar controller retains that designation until they leave the game or a different player becomes the active player, whichever comes first.
311.7. Each plane card has a triggered ability that triggers "Whenever chaos ensues." These are called chaos abilities. Each one is indicated by a chaos symbol to the left of the ability, though the symbol itself has no special rules meaning. This ability triggers if the chaos symbol is rolled on the planar die (see rule 901.9b), if a resolving spell or ability says that chaos ensues, or if a resolving spell or ability states that chaos ensues for a particular object. In the last case, the chaos ability can trigger even if that plane card is still in the planar deck but revealed. A chaos ability is controlled by the current planar controller.
312. Phenomena
312.4. The controller of a face-up phenomenon card is the player designated as the planar controller. Normally, the planar controller is whoever the active player is. However, if the current planar controller would leave the game, instead the next player in turn order that wouldn't leave the game becomes the planar controller, then the old planar controller leaves the game. The new planar controller retains that designation until they leave the game or a different player becomes the active player, whichever comes first.
313.6. Each vanguard card has a hand modifier printed in its lower left corner. This is a number preceded by a plus sign, a number preceded by a minus sign, or a zero. This modifier is applied to the starting hand size and maximum hand size of the vanguard card's owner (normally seven). The resulting number is both how many cards that player draws at the beginning of the game and their maximum hand size. See rule 103.5.
313.7. Each vanguard card has a life modifier printed in its lower right corner. This is a number preceded by a plus sign, a number preceded by a minus sign, or a zero. This modifier is applied as the starting life total of the vanguard card's owner (normally 20) to is determined. See rule 103.4.
314.7. If an ability of a scheme card includes the text "this scheme," it means the scheme card in the command zone that's the source of that ability. This is an exception to rule 109.2.
315.3. Conspiracy cards remain in the command zone throughout the game. They're not permanents. They can't be cast or included in a deck. If a conspiracy card would leave the command zone, it remains in the command zone. Conspiracy cards that aren't in the game can't be brought into the game.
315.5a. Abilities of conspiracy cards may affect the start-of-game procedure.
400.3. If an object would go to any library, graveyard, or hand other than its owner's, it goes to its owner's corresponding zone.
400.5. The order of objects in a library, in a graveyard, or on the stack can't be changed except when effects or rules allow it. The same is true for objects arranged in face-down piles in other zones. Other objects in other zones can be arranged however their owners wish, although who controls those objects, whether they're tapped or flipped, and what other objects are attached to them must remain clear to all players.
400.6. If an object would move from one zone to another, determine what event is moving the object. If the object is moving to a public zone and its owner will be able to look at it in that zone, its owner looks at it to see if it has any abilities that would affect the move. If the object is moving to the battlefield, each other player who will be able to look at it in that zone does so. Then any appropriate replacement effects, whether they come from that object or from elsewhere, are applied to that event. If any effects or rules try to do two or more contradictory or mutually exclusive things to a particular object, that object's controller--or its owner if it has no controller--chooses which effect to apply, and what that effect does. (Note that multiple instances of the same thing may be mutually exclusive; for example, two simultaneous "destroy" effects.) Then the event moves the object. Example: Exquisite Archangel has an ability which reads "If you would lose the game, instead exile this creature and your life total becomes equal to your starting life total." A spell deals 5 damage to a player with 5 life and 5 damage to an Exquisite Archangel under that player's control. As state-based actions are performed, that player's life total becomes equal to their starting life total, and that player chooses whether Exquisite Archangel moves to its owner's graveyard or to exile.
400.7. An object that moves from one zone to another becomes a new object with no memory of, or relation to, its previous existence. This rule has the following exceptions.
400.7d. An ability of a permanent can reference information about the spell that became that permanent as it resolved, including what costs were paid to cast that spell or what mana was spent to pay those costs.
400.7e. Abilities that trigger when an object moves from one zone to another (for example, "When this Aura is put into a graveyard from the battlefield") can find the new object that it became in the zone it moved to when the ability triggered, if that zone is a public zone.
400.7g. If an effect grants a nonland card an ability that allows it to be cast, that ability will continue to apply to the new object that card became after it moved to the stack as a result of being cast this way.
400.7h. If an effect allows a nonland card to be cast, other parts of that effect can find the new object that card becomes after it moves to the stack as a result of being cast this way.
400.7i. If an effect allows a land card to be played, other parts of that effect can find the new object that land card becomes after it moves to the battlefield as a result of being played this way.
400.8. If an object in the exile zone is exiled, it doesn't change zones, but it becomes a new object that has just been exiled.
400.11b. Some effects bring cards into a game from outside the game. Those cards remain in the game until the game ends, their owner leaves the game, or a rule or effect removes them from the game, whichever comes first.
400.12. Some effects instruct a player to do something to a zone (such as "Shuffle your hand into your library"). That action is performed on all cards in that zone. The zone itself is not affected.
401.2. Each library must be kept in a single face-down pile. Players can't look at or change the order of cards in a library.
401.3. Any player may count the number of cards remaining in any player's library at any time.
401.4. If an effect puts two or more cards in a specific position in a library at the same time, the owner of those cards may arrange them in any order. That library's owner doesn't reveal the order in which the cards go into the library.
401.5. Some effects tell a player to play with the top card of their library revealed, or say that a player may look at the top card of their library. If the top card of the player's library changes while a spell is being cast, the new top card won't be revealed and can't be looked at until the spell becomes cast (see rule 601.2i). The same is true with relation to an ability being activated. If the top card of the player's library changes while a player is taking a special action (see rule 116, "Special Actions"), the new card won't be revealed and can't be looked at until the player has finished taking that special action.
401.6. If an effect causes a player to play with the top card of their library revealed, and that particular card stops being revealed for any length of time before being revealed again, it becomes a new object.
401.7. If an effect causes a player to put a card into a library "Nth from the top," and that library has fewer than N cards in it, the player puts that card on the bottom of that library.
402.1. The hand is where a player holds cards that have been drawn. Cards can be put into a player's hand by other effects as well. At the beginning of the game, each player draws a number of cards equal to that player's starting hand size, normally seven. (See rule 103, "Starting the Game.")
402.3. A player may arrange their hand in any convenient fashion and look at it at any time. A player can't look at the cards in another player's hand but may count those cards at any time.
403.2. A spell or ability affects and checks only the battlefield unless it specifically mentions a player or another zone.
403.4. Whenever a permanent enters the battlefield, it becomes a new object and has no relationship to any previous permanent represented by the same card, except for the cases listed in rule 400.7. (This is also true for any objects entering any zone.)
403.5. Previously, the battlefield was called the "in-play zone." Cards that were printed with text that contains the phrases "in play," "from play," "into play," or the like are referring to the battlefield. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
404.1. A player's graveyard is their discard pile. Any object that's countered, discarded, destroyed, or sacrificed is put on top of its owner's graveyard, as is any instant or sorcery spell that's finished resolving. Each player's graveyard starts out empty.
404.2. Each graveyard is kept in a single face-up pile. A player can examine the cards in any graveyard at any time but normally can't change their order. Additional rules applying to sanctioned tournaments may allow a player to change the order of cards in their graveyard.
404.3. If an effect or rule puts two or more cards into the same graveyard at the same time, the owner of those cards may arrange them in any order.
405.1. When a spell is cast, the physical card is put on the stack (see rule 601.2a). When an ability is activated or triggers, it goes on top of the stack without any card associated with it (see rules 602.2a and 603.3).
405.2. The stack keeps track of the order that spells and/or abilities were added to it. Each time an object is put on the stack, it's put on top of all objects already there.
405.3. If an effect puts two or more objects on the stack at the same time, those controlled by the active player are put on lowest, followed by each other player's objects in APNAP order (see rule 101.4). If a player controls more than one of these objects, that player chooses their relative order on the stack.
405.6. Some things that happen during the game don't use the stack.
405.6e. Turn-based actions don't use the stack; they happen automatically when certain steps or phases begin. They're dealt with before a player would receive priority (see rule 117.3a). Turn-based actions also happen automatically when each step and phase ends; no player receives priority afterward. See rule 703.
405.6f. State-based actions don't use the stack; they happen automatically when certain conditions are met. See rule 704. They are dealt with before a player would receive priority. See rule 117.5.
405.6g. A player may concede the game at any time. That player leaves the game immediately. See rule 104.3a.
405.6h. If a player leaves a multiplayer game, objects may leave the game, cease to exist, change control, or be exiled as a result. These actions happen immediately. See rule 800.4a.
406.2. To exile an object is to put it into the exile zone from whatever zone it's currently in. An exiled card is a card that's been put into the exile zone.
406.3. Exiled cards are, by default, kept face up and may be examined by any player at any time. Cards "exiled face down" can't be examined by any player except when instructions allow it. However, if a player is instructed to look at a card and then exile it face down, or once a player is allowed to look at a card exiled face down, that player may continue to look at that card until it leaves the exile zone or is part of a pile of cards that are shuffled, even if the instruction allowing the player to do so no longer applies.
406.3a. A card exiled face down has no characteristics, but the spell or ability that exiled it may allow it to be played from exile. Unless that card is being cast face down (see rule 708.4), the card is turned face up just before the player announces that they are playing the card (see rule 601.2).
406.3b. Some spells and abilities allow a player to cast spells with certain qualities from among face-down cards in exile. A player may cast such a spell only if they are allowed to look at the face-down card in exile and if the resulting spell has the specified qualities.
406.4. Face-down cards in exile should be kept in separate piles based on when they were exiled and how they were exiled. If a player is instructed to choose an exiled card, the player may choose a specific face-down card only if the player is allowed to look at that card. Otherwise, they may choose a pile of face-down exiled cards, and then a card is chosen at random from within that pile. If choosing such a card is part of casting a spell or activating an ability, the chosen card isn't revealed until after that cost is fully paid. (See rule 601.2i.)
406.5. Exiled cards that might return to the battlefield or any other zone should be kept in separate piles to keep track of their respective ways of returning. Exiled cards that may have an impact on the game due to their own abilities (such as cards with haunt) or the abilities of the cards that exiled them should likewise be kept in separate piles.
406.6. An object may have one ability printed on it that causes one or more cards to be exiled, and another ability that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]." These abilities are linked: the second refers only to cards that have been exiled due to the first. See rule 607, "Linked Abilities."
406.7. If an object in the exile zone becomes exiled, it doesn't change zones, but it becomes a new object that has just been exiled.
406.8. Previously, the exile zone was called the "removed-from-the-game zone." Cards that were printed with text that "removes [an object] from the game" exiles that object. The same is true for cards printed with text that "sets [an object] aside." Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
407.1. Earlier versions of the Magic rules included an ante rule as a way of playing "for keeps." Playing Magic games for ante is now considered an optional variation on the game, and it's allowed only where it's not forbidden by law or by other rules. Playing for ante is strictly forbidden under the Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules (WPN.Wizards.com/en/resources/rules-documents).
407.2. When playing for ante, each player puts one random card from their deck into the ante zone after determining which player goes first but before players draw any cards. Cards in the ante zone may be examined by any player at any time. At the end of the game, the winner becomes the owner of all the cards in the ante zone.
407.3. A few cards have the text "Remove this card from your deck before playing if you're not playing for ante." These are the only cards that can add or remove cards from the ante zone or change a card's owner. When not playing for ante, players can't include these cards in their decks or sideboards, and these cards can't be brought into the game from outside the game.
407.4. To ante an object is to put that object into the ante zone from whichever zone it's currently in. The owner of an object is the only person who can ante that object.
408.1. The command zone is a game area reserved for certain specialized objects that have an overarching effect on the game, yet are not permanents and cannot be destroyed.
5. Turn Structure
500.1. A turn consists of five phases, in this order: beginning, precombat main, combat, postcombat main, and ending. Each of these phases takes place every turn, even if nothing happens during the phase. The beginning, combat, and ending phases are further broken down into steps, which proceed in order.
500.3. A step in which no players receive priority ends when all specified actions that take place during that step are completed. The only such steps are the untap step (see rule 502) and certain cleanup steps (see rule 514).
500.5. When a phase or step ends, any effects scheduled to last "until end of" that phase or step expire. When a phase or step begins, any effects scheduled to last "until" that phase or step expire. Effects that last "until end of combat" expire at the end of the combat phase, not at the beginning of the end of combat step. Effects that last "until end of turn" are subject to special rules; see rule 514.2.
500.6. When a phase or step begins, any abilities that trigger "at the beginning of" that phase or step trigger. They are put on the stack the next time a player would receive priority. (See rule 117, "Timing and Priority.")
500.7. Some effects can give a player extra turns. They do this by adding the turns directly after the specified turn. If a player is given multiple extra turns, the extra turns are added one at a time. If multiple players are given extra turns, the extra turns are added one at a time, in APNAP order (see rule 101.4). The most recently created turn will be taken first.
500.8. Some effects can add phases to a turn. They do this by adding the phases directly after the specified phase. If multiple extra phases are created after the same phase, the most recently created phase will occur first.
500.9. Some effects can add steps to a phase. They do this by adding the steps directly after a specified step or directly before a specified step. If multiple extra steps are created after the same step, the most recently created step will occur first.
500.10a. If an effect that says "you get" an additional step or phase would add a step or phase to a turn other than its controller's, no steps or phases are added.
500.11. Some effects can cause a step, phase, or turn to be skipped. To skip a step, phase, or turn is to proceed past it as though it didn't exist. See rule 614.10.
500.12. No game events can occur between steps, phases, or turns.
501.1. The beginning phase consists of three steps, in this order: untap, upkeep, and draw.
502.2. Second, if it's day and the previous turn's active player didn't cast any spells during that turn, it becomes night. If it's night and the previous turn's active player cast two or more spells during that turn, it becomes day. If it's neither day nor night, this check doesn't happen and it remains neither. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack. See rule 729, "Day and Night."
503.1a. Any abilities that triggered during the untap step and any abilities that triggered at the beginning of the upkeep are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities.")
503.2. If a spell states that it may be cast only "after [a player's] upkeep step," and the turn has multiple upkeep steps, that spell may be cast any time after the first upkeep step ends.
505.1b. In card text, phrases such as "first main phase," "second main phase," and so on count the number of main phases that have occurred only in the current turn unless that text specifies otherwise.
506.3a. If an effect would put a noncreature permanent onto the battlefield attacking or blocking, the permanent does enter the battlefield but it's never considered to be an attacking or blocking permanent.
506.3f. If a resolving spell or ability would cause a battle to become an attacking or blocking creature, that part of the effect does nothing.
506.4a. Once a creature has been declared as an attacking or blocking creature, spells or abilities that would have kept that creature from attacking or blocking don't remove the creature from combat.
506.4b. Tapping or untapping a creature that's already been declared as an attacker or blocker doesn't remove it from combat and doesn't prevent its combat damage.
506.4d. A permanent that's both a blocking creature and a planeswalker that's being attacked is removed from combat if it stops being both a creature and a planeswalker. If it stops being one of those card types but continues to be the other, it continues to be either a blocking creature or a planeswalker that's being attacked, whichever is appropriate.
506.6. Some abilities check to see whether or not a creature "had to attack" during a particular combat phase. A creature had to attack if one or more effects were requiring that creature to attack at the time attackers were declared in that combat. A creature did not "have to attack" if there were no such effects that required it to attack, even if there were no other legal attacks that could have been declared. (See rule 508.)
506.7. Some spells state that they may be cast "only [before/after] [a particular point in the combat phase]," in which that point may be "attackers are declared," "blockers are declared," "the combat damage step," "the end of combat step," "the combat phase," or "combat."
506.7a. A spell that states it may be cast "only before (or after) attackers are declared" is referring to the turn-based action of declaring attackers. It may be cast only before (or after) the declare attackers step begins, regardless of whether any attackers are actually declared. (See rule 508.)
506.7b. A spell that states it may be cast "only before (or after) blockers are declared" is referring to the turn-based action of declaring blockers. It may be cast only before (or after) the declare blockers step begins, regardless of whether any blockers are actually declared. (See rule 509.)
506.7c. Some spells state that they may be cast only "during combat" or "during a certain player's combat phase" in addition to the criteria described in rule 506.7. If a turn has multiple combat phases, such spells may be cast at an appropriate time during any of them.
506.7d. Some spells state that they may be cast "only before (or after) [a particular point in the combat phase]," but don't meet the additional criteria described in rule 506.7c. If a turn has multiple combat phases, such spells may be cast that turn only before (or after) the stated point of the first combat phase.
506.7e. If a spell states that it may be cast "only before [a particular point in the combat phase]," but the stated point doesn't exist within the relevant combat phase because the declare blockers step and the combat damage step are skipped (see rule 508.8), then the spell may be cast only before the declare attackers step ends. If the stated point doesn't exist because the relevant combat phase has been skipped, then the spell may be cast only before the precombat main phase ends.
506.7g. Rules 506.7 and 506.7a-f apply to abilities that state that they may be activated only at certain times with respect to combat just as they apply to spells that state that they may be cast only at certain times with respect to combat.
508.1. First, the active player declares attackers. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack. To declare attackers, the active player follows the steps below, in order. If at any point during the declaration of attackers, the active player is unable to comply with any of the steps listed below, the declaration is illegal; the game returns to the moment before the declaration (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions").
508.1a. The active player chooses which creatures that they control, if any, will attack. The chosen creatures must be untapped, they can't also be battles, and each one must either have haste or have been controlled by the active player continuously since the turn began.
508.1c. The active player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any restrictions (effects that say a creature can't attack, or that it can't attack unless some condition is met). If any restrictions are being disobeyed, the declaration of attackers is illegal. Example: A player controls two creatures, each with a restriction that states "This creature can't attack alone." It's legal to declare both as attackers.
508.1d. The active player checks each creature they control to see whether it's affected by any requirements (effects that say a creature attacks if able, or that it attacks if some condition is met). If the number of requirements that are being obeyed is fewer than the maximum possible number of requirements that could be obeyed without disobeying any restrictions, the declaration of attackers is illegal. If a creature can't attack unless a player pays a cost, that player is not required to pay that cost, even if attacking with that creature would increase the number of requirements being obeyed. If a requirement that says a creature attacks if able during a certain turn refers to a turn with multiple combat phases, the creature attacks if able during each declare attackers step in that turn. Example: A player controls two creatures: one that "attacks if able" and one with no abilities. An effect states "No more than one creature can attack each turn." The only legal attack is for just the creature that "attacks if able" to attack. It's illegal to attack with the other creature, attack with both, or attack with neither.
508.1e. If any of the chosen creatures have banding or a "bands with other" ability, the active player announces which creatures, if any, are banded with which. (See rule 702.22, "Banding.")
508.1h. If any of the chosen creatures require paying costs to attack, or if any optional costs to attack were chosen, the active player determines the total cost to attack. Costs may include paying mana, tapping permanents, sacrificing permanents, discarding cards, and so on. Once the total cost is determined, it becomes "locked in." If effects would change the total cost after this time, ignore this change.
508.1j. Once the player has enough mana in their mana pool, they pay all costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed.
508.1m. Any abilities that trigger on attackers being declared trigger.
508.2b. Any abilities that triggered on attackers being declared or that triggered during the process described in rules 508.1 are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities.")
508.4c. A creature that's put onto the battlefield attacking or that is stated to be attacking isn't affected by requirements or restrictions that apply to the declaration of attackers.
508.6. A player is "attacking [a player]" if the first player controls a creature that is attacking the second player. A player has "attacked [a player]" if the first player declared one or more creatures as attackers attacking the second player.
508.7a. The attacking creature isn't removed from combat and it isn't considered to have attacked a second time. That creature is attacking the reselected player or permanent, but it's still considered to have attacked the player or permanent chosen as it was declared as an attacker.
509.1. First, the defending player declares blockers. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack. To declare blockers, the defending player follows the steps below, in order. If at any point during the declaration of blockers, the defending player is unable to comply with any of the steps listed below, the declaration is illegal; the game returns to the moment before the declaration (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions").
509.1f. Once the player has enough mana in their mana pool, they pay all costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed.
509.1i. Any abilities that trigger on blockers being declared trigger. See rule 509.2a for more information.
509.2a. Any abilities that triggered on blockers being declared or that triggered during the process described in rule 509.1 are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities.")
509.3a. An ability that reads "Whenever [a creature] blocks, . . ." generally triggers only once each combat for that creature, even if it blocks multiple creatures. It triggers if the creature is declared as a blocker. It will also trigger if that creature becomes a blocker as the result of an effect, but only if it wasn't a blocking creature at that time. (See rule 509.1g.) It won't trigger if the creature is put onto the battlefield blocking.
509.3e. If an ability triggers when a creature blocks or becomes blocked by a particular number of creatures, the ability triggers if the creature blocks or is blocked by that many creatures when blockers are declared. Effects that add or remove blockers can also cause such abilities to trigger. This applies to abilities that trigger on a creature blocking or being blocked by at least a certain number of creatures as well.
509.4b. A creature that's put onto the battlefield blocking isn't affected by requirements or restrictions that apply to the declaration of blockers.
510.1c. A blocked creature assigns its combat damage to the creatures blocking it. If no creatures are currently blocking it (if, for example, they were destroyed or removed from combat), it assigns no combat damage. If exactly one creature is blocking it, it assigns all its combat damage to that creature. If two or more creatures are blocking it, it assigns its combat damage to those creatures divided as its controller chooses among them. Example: An attacking Elvish Regrower (a 4/3 creature) is blocked by Vampire Spawn (a 2/3 creature) and Helpful Hunter (a 1/1 creature). Elvish Regrower's controller can assign all 4 damage to the Hunter, 1 damage to the Spawn and 3 damage to the Hunter, 2 damage to each creature, 3 damage to the Spawn and 1 damage to the Hunter, or all 4 damage to the Spawn.
510.1e. Once a player has assigned combat damage from each attacking or blocking creature they control, the total damage assignment (not solely the damage assignment of any individual attacking or blocking creature) is checked to see if it complies with the above rules. If it doesn't, the combat damage assignment is illegal; the game returns to the moment before that player began to assign combat damage. (See rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions.")
510.2. Second, all combat damage that's been assigned is dealt simultaneously. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack. No player has the chance to cast spells or activate abilities between the time combat damage is assigned and the time it's dealt.
510.3a. Any abilities that triggered on damage being dealt or while state-based actions are performed afterward are put onto the stack before the active player gets priority; the order in which they triggered doesn't matter. (See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities.")
512.1. The ending phase consists of two steps: end and cleanup.
513.1a. Previously, abilities that triggered at the beginning of the end step were printed with the trigger condition "at end of turn." Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say "at the beginning of the end step" or "at the beginning of the next end step."
514.2. Second, the following actions happen simultaneously: all damage marked on permanents (including phased-out permanents) is removed and all "until end of turn" and "this turn" effects end. This turn-based action doesn't use the stack.
514.3. Normally, no player receives priority during the cleanup step, so no spells can be cast and no abilities can be activated. However, this rule is subject to the following exception:
601. Casting Spells
601.1. Previously, the action of casting a spell, or casting a card as a spell, was referred to on cards as "playing" that spell or that card. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "casting" that spell or that card.
601.1a. Some effects still refer to "playing" a card. "Playing a card" means playing that card as a land or casting that card as a spell, whichever is appropriate.
601.2. To cast a spell is to take it from where it is (usually the hand), put it on the stack, and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. Casting a spell includes proposal of the spell (rules 601.2a-d) and determination and payment of costs (rules 601.2f-h). To cast a spell, a player follows the steps listed below, in order. A player must be legally allowed to cast the spell to begin this process (see rule 601.3). If a player is unable to comply with the requirements of a step listed below while performing that step, the casting of the spell is illegal; the game returns to the moment before the casting of that spell was proposed (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions").
601.2b. If the spell is modal, the player announces the mode choice (see rule 700.2). If the player wishes to splice any cards onto the spell (see rule 702.47), they reveal those cards in their hand. If the spell has alternative or additional costs that will be paid as it's being cast such as buyback or kicker costs (see rules 118.8 and 118.9), the player announces their intentions to pay any or all of those costs (see rule 601.2f). A player can't apply two alternative methods of casting or two alternative costs to a single spell. If the spell has a variable cost that will be paid as it's being cast (such as an {X} in its mana cost; see rule 107.3), the player announces the value of that variable. If the value of that variable is defined in the text of the spell by a choice that player would make later in the announcement or resolution of the spell, that player makes that choice at this time instead of that later time. If a cost that will be paid as the spell is being cast includes hybrid mana symbols, the player announces the nonhybrid equivalent cost they intend to pay. If a cost that will be paid as the spell is being cast includes Phyrexian mana symbols, the player announces whether they intend to pay 2 life or a corresponding colored mana cost for each of those symbols. Previously made choices (such as choosing to cast a spell with flashback from a graveyard or choosing to cast a creature with morph face down) may restrict the player's options when making these choices.
601.2c. The player announces their choice of an appropriate object or player for each target the spell requires. A spell may require some targets only if an alternative or additional cost (such as a kicker cost) or a particular mode was chosen for it; otherwise, the spell is cast as though it did not require those targets. Similarly, a spell may require alternative targets only if an alternative or additional cost was chosen for it. If the spell has a variable number of targets, the player announces how many targets they will choose before they announce those targets. In some cases, the number of targets will be defined by the spell's text. Once the number of targets the spell has is determined, that number doesn't change, even if the information used to determine the number of targets does. The same target can't be chosen multiple times for any one instance of the word "target" on the spell. However, if the spell uses the word "target" in multiple places, the same object or player can be chosen once for each instance of the word "target" (as long as it fits the targeting criteria). If any effects say that an object or player must be chosen as a target, the player chooses targets so that they obey the maximum possible number of such effects without violating any rules or effects that say that an object or player can't be chosen as a target. The chosen objects and/or players each become a target of that spell. (Any abilities that trigger when those objects and/or players become the target of a spell trigger at this point; they'll wait to be put on the stack until the spell has finished being cast.) Example: If a spell says "Tap two target creatures," then the same creature can't be chosen twice; the spell requires two different legal targets. A spell that says "Destroy target artifact and target land," however, can target the same artifact land twice because it uses the word "target" in multiple places.
601.2d. If the spell requires the player to divide or distribute an effect (such as damage or counters) among one or more targets, the player announces the division. Each of these targets must receive at least one of whatever is being divided.
601.2e. The game checks to see if the proposed spell can legally be cast. If the proposed spell is illegal, the game returns to the moment before the casting of that spell was proposed (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions").
601.2f. The player determines the total cost of the spell. Usually this is just the mana cost. Some spells have additional or alternative costs. Some effects may increase or reduce the cost to pay, or may provide other alternative costs. Costs may include paying mana, tapping permanents, sacrificing permanents, discarding cards, and so on. The total cost is the mana cost or alternative cost (as determined in rule 601.2b), plus all additional costs and cost increases, and minus all cost reductions. If multiple cost reductions apply, the player may apply them in any order. If the mana component of the total cost is reduced to nothing by cost reduction effects, it is considered to be {0}. It can't be reduced to less than {0}. Once the total cost is determined, any effects that directly affect the total cost are applied. Then the resulting total cost becomes "locked in." If effects would change the total cost after this time, they have no effect.
601.2h. The player pays the total cost. First, they pay all costs that don't involve random elements or moving objects from the library to a public zone, in any order. Then they pay all remaining costs in any order. Partial payments are not allowed. Unpayable costs can't be paid. Example: You cast Altar's Reap, which costs {1}{B} and has an additional cost of sacrificing a creature. You sacrifice Thunderscape Familiar, whose effect makes your black spells cost {1} less to cast. Because a spell's total cost is "locked in" before payments are actually made, you pay {B}, not {1}{B}, even though you're sacrificing the Familiar.
601.3. A player can begin to cast a spell only if a rule or effect allows that player to cast it and no rule or effect prohibits that player from casting it.
601.3a. If an effect prohibits a player from casting a spell with certain qualities, that player may consider any choices to be made during that spell's proposal that may cause those qualities to change. If any such choices could cause that effect to no longer prohibit that player from casting that spell, the player may begin to cast the spell, ignoring the effect. Example: A player controls Void Winnower, which reads, in part, "Your opponents can't cast spells with even mana values." That player's opponent may begin to cast Rolling Thunder, a card whose mana cost is {X}{R}{R}, because the chosen value of X may cause the spell's mana value to become odd.
601.3d. If a spell would have flash only if certain conditions are met, its controller may begin to cast that spell as though it had flash if those conditions are met.
601.3e. Some rules and effects state that an alternative set of characteristics or a subset of characteristics are considered to determine if a card or copy of a card is legal to cast. These alternative characteristics replace the object's characteristics for this determination. Continuous effects that would apply to that object once it has those characteristics are also considered. Example: Garruk's Horde says, in part, "You may cast creature spells from the top of your library." If you control Garruk's Horde and the top card of your library is a noncreature card with morph, you may cast it using its morph ability. Example: Melek, Izzet Paragon says, in part, "You may cast instant and sorcery spells from the top of your library." If you control Melek, Izzet Paragon and the top card of your library is Giant Killer, an adventurer creature card whose Adventure is an instant named Chop Down, you may cast Chop Down but not Giant Killer. If instead you control Garruk's Horde and the top card of your library is Giant Killer, you may cast Giant Killer but not Chop Down.
601.3f. Some effects allow a player to cast a spell with certain qualities from among face-down cards in exile. A player may begin to cast such a spell only if they can look at the face-down card in exile.
601.4. While announcing the choices of any modes, alternative costs, and/or additional costs as described in rule 601.2b, some options may be available to a player only if other choices are made that would normally be made later in that rule's instructions. In that case, the spell's controller may consider any other choices to be made in that step. If any such choices could allow them to choose a particular mode, alternative cost, or additional cost, they may do so. Example: Inscription of Abundance is a modal spell with kicker and the text "Choose one. If this spell was kicked, choose any number instead." When announcing the chosen modes for the spell, its controller may choose any number of modes, even though choosing to pay the kicker cost is normally done later in the announcement process.
601.5. If a player is no longer allowed to cast a spell after completing its proposal (see rules 601.2a-d), the casting of the spell is illegal and the game returns to the moment before the casting of that spell was proposed (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions"). It doesn't matter if a rule or effect would make the casting of the spell illegal while determining and paying that spell's costs (see rules 601.2f-h) or any time after the spell has been cast.
601.5a. Once a player has begun casting a spell that had flash because certain conditions were met or that could be cast as though it had flash because certain conditions were met (see 601.3d), they may continue to cast that spell as though it had flash even if those conditions stop being met.
601.6. Some spells specify that one of their controller's opponents does something the controller would normally do while it's being cast, such as choose a mode or choose targets. In these cases, the opponent does so when the spell's controller normally would do so.
601.6a. If there is more than one opponent who could make such a choice, the spell's controller decides which of those opponents will make the choice.
601.6b. If the spell instructs its controller and another player to do something at the same time as the spell is being cast, the spell's controller goes first, then the other player. This is an exception to rule 101.4.
601.7. Casting a spell that alters costs won't affect spells and abilities that are already on the stack.
602.1. Activated abilities have a cost and an effect. They are written as "[Cost]: [Effect.] [Activation instructions (if any).]"
602.1a. The activation cost is everything before the colon (:). An ability's activation cost must be paid by the player who is activating it. Example: The activation cost of an ability that reads "{2}, {T}: You gain 1 life" is two mana of any type plus tapping the permanent that has the ability.
602.1b. Some text after the colon of an activated ability states instructions that must be followed while activating that ability. Such text may state which players can activate that ability, may restrict when a player can activate the ability, or may define some aspect of the activation cost. This text is not part of the ability's effect. It functions at all times. If an activated ability has any activation instructions, they appear last, after the ability's effect.
602.1c. An activated ability is the only kind of ability that can be activated. If an object or rule refers to activating an ability without specifying what kind, it must be referring to an activated ability.
602.1d. Previously, the action of using an activated ability was referred to on cards as "playing" that ability. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "activating" that ability.
602.1e. If a spell or ability that refers to the "activation cost" of an ability modifies how a player may pay that cost, that modification applies to the total cost of that ability, even if that cost is increased and/or decreased by other effects. See rules 602.2b and 601.2f.
602.2. To activate an ability is to put it onto the stack and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. Only an object's controller (or its owner, if it doesn't have a controller) can activate its activated ability unless the object specifically says otherwise. Activating an ability follows the steps listed below, in order. If, at any point during the activation of an ability, a player is unable to comply with any of those steps, the activation is illegal; the game returns to the moment before that ability started to be activated (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions"). Announcements and payments can't be altered after they've been made.
602.2a. The player announces that they are activating the ability. If an activated ability is being activated from a hidden zone, the card that has that ability is revealed (see rule 701.20a). That ability is created on the stack as an object that's not a card. It becomes the topmost object on the stack. It has the text of the ability that created it, and no other characteristics. Its controller is the player who activated the ability. The ability remains on the stack until it's countered, it resolves, or an effect moves it elsewhere.
602.2b. The remainder of the process for activating an ability is identical to the process for casting a spell listed in rules 601.2b-i. Those rules apply to activating an ability just as they apply to casting a spell. An activated ability's analog to a spell's mana cost (as referenced in rule 601.2f) is its activation cost.
602.3. Some abilities specify that one of their controller's opponents does something the controller would normally do while it's being activated, such as choose a mode or choose targets. In these cases, the opponent does so when the ability's controller normally would do so.
602.3a. If there is more than one opponent who could make such a choice, the ability's controller decides which of those opponents will make the choice.
602.3b. If the ability instructs its controller and another player to do something at the same time as the ability is being activated, the ability's controller goes first, then the other player. This is an exception to rule 101.4.
602.4. Activating an ability that alters costs won't affect spells and abilities that are already on the stack.
602.5. A player can't begin to activate an ability that's prohibited from being activated.
602.5c. If an object acquires an activated ability with a restriction on its use from another object, that restriction applies only to that ability as acquired from that object. It doesn't apply to other, identically worded abilities.
602.5e. Activated abilities that read "Activate only as an instant" mean the player must follow the timing rules for casting an instant spell, though the ability isn't actually an instant. The player doesn't actually need to have an instant card that they could cast.
603.1a. A triggered ability may include instructions after its effects that limit what the ability may target or state that it can't be countered. This text is not part of the ability's effect. It functions while the ability is on the stack.
603.2d. An ability may state that a triggered ability triggers additional times. In this case, rather than simply determining that such an ability has triggered, determine how many times it should trigger, then that ability triggers that many times. An effect that states that an ability triggers additional times doesn't invoke itself repeatedly and doesn't apply to other effects that affect how many times an ability triggers.
603.2h. An ability triggers only if its trigger event actually occurs. An event that's prevented or replaced won't trigger anything. Example: An ability that triggers on damage being dealt won't trigger if all the damage is prevented.
603.2i. A triggered ability may have an instruction followed by "Do this only once each turn." This ability triggers only if its source's controller has not yet taken the indicated action that turn.
603.3. Once an ability has triggered, its controller puts it on the stack as an object that's not a card the next time a player would receive priority. See rule 117, "Timing and Priority." The ability becomes the topmost object on the stack. It has the text of the ability that created it, and no other characteristics. It remains on the stack until it's countered, it resolves, a rule causes it to be removed from the stack, or an effect moves it elsewhere.
603.3b. If multiple abilities have triggered since the last time a player received priority, the abilities are placed on the stack in a two-part process. First, each player, in APNAP order, puts each triggered ability they control with a trigger condition that isn't another ability triggering on the stack in any order they choose. (See rule 101.4.) Second, each player, in APNAP order, puts all remaining triggered abilities they control on the stack in any order they choose. Then the game once again checks for and performs state-based actions until none are performed, then abilities that triggered during this process go on the stack. This process repeats until no new state-based actions are performed and no abilities trigger. Then the appropriate player gets priority.
603.3c. If a triggered ability is modal, its controller announces the mode choice when putting the ability on the stack. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. If no mode is chosen, the ability is removed from the stack. (See rule 700.2.)
603.3d. The remainder of the process for putting a triggered ability on the stack is identical to the process for casting a spell listed in rules 601.2c-d. If a choice is required when the triggered ability goes on the stack but no legal choices can be made for it, or if a rule or a continuous effect otherwise makes the ability illegal, the ability is simply removed from the stack.
603.4. A triggered ability may read "When/Whenever/At [trigger event], if [condition], [effect]." When the trigger event occurs, the ability checks whether the stated condition is true. The ability triggers only if it is; otherwise it does nothing. If the ability triggers, it checks the stated condition again as it resolves. If the condition isn't true at that time, the ability is removed from the stack and does nothing. Note that this mirrors the check for legal targets. This rule is referred to as the "intervening 'if' clause" rule. (The word "if" has only its normal English meaning anywhere else in the text of a card; this rule only applies to an "if" that immediately follows a trigger condition.) Example: Felidar Sovereign reads, "At the beginning of your upkeep, if you have 40 or more life, you win the game." Its controller's life total is checked as that player's upkeep begins. If that player has 39 or less life, the ability doesn't trigger at all. If that player has 40 or more life, the ability triggers and goes on the stack. As the ability resolves, that player's life total is checked again. If that player has 39 or less life at this time, the ability is removed from the stack and has no effect. If that player has 40 or more life at this time, the ability resolves and that player wins the game.
603.5. Some triggered abilities' effects are optional (they contain "may," as in "At the beginning of your upkeep, you may draw a card"). These abilities go on the stack when they trigger, regardless of whether their controller intends to exercise the ability's option or not. The choice is made when the ability resolves. Likewise, triggered abilities that have an effect "unless" something is true or a player chooses to do something will go on the stack normally; the "unless" part of the ability is dealt with when the ability resolves.
603.6. Trigger events that involve objects changing zones are called "zone-change triggers." Many abilities with zone-change triggers attempt to do something to that object after it changes zones. During resolution, these abilities look for the object in the zone that it moved to. If the object is unable to be found in the zone it went to, the part of the ability attempting to do something to the object will fail to do anything. The ability could be unable to find the object because the object never entered the specified zone, because it left the zone before the ability resolved, or because it is in a zone that is hidden from a player, such as a library or an opponent's hand. (This rule applies even if the object leaves the zone and returns again before the ability resolves.) The most common zone-change triggers are enters-the-battlefield triggers and leaves-the-battlefield triggers.
603.6c. Leaves-the-battlefield abilities trigger when a permanent moves from the battlefield to another zone, or when a phased-in permanent leaves the game because its owner leaves the game. These are written as, but aren't limited to, "When [this object] leaves the battlefield, . . ." or "Whenever [something] is put into a graveyard from the battlefield, . . . ." (See also rule 603.10.) An ability that attempts to do something to the card that left the battlefield checks for it only in the first zone that it went to. An ability that triggers when a card is put into a certain zone "from anywhere" is never treated as a leaves-the-battlefield ability, even if an object is put into that zone from the battlefield.
603.7. An effect may create a delayed triggered ability that can do something at a later time. A delayed triggered ability will contain "when," "whenever," or "at," although that word won't usually begin the ability.
603.7c. A delayed triggered ability that refers to a particular object still affects it even if the object changes characteristics. However, if that object is no longer in the zone it's expected to be in at the time the delayed triggered ability resolves, the ability won't affect it. (Note that if that object left that zone and then returned, it's a new object and thus won't be affected. See rule 400.7.) Example: An ability that reads "Exile this creature at the beginning of the next end step" will exile the permanent even if it's no longer a creature during the next end step. However, it won't do anything if the permanent left the battlefield before then.
603.9. Some triggered abilities trigger specifically when a player loses the game. These abilities trigger when a player loses or leaves the game, regardless of the reason, unless that player leaves the game as the result of a draw. See rule 104.3.
603.10. Normally, objects that exist immediately after an event are checked to see if the event matched any trigger conditions, and continuous effects that exist at that time are used to determine what the trigger conditions are and what the objects involved in the event look like. However, some triggered abilities are exceptions to this rule; the game "looks back in time" to determine if those abilities trigger, using the existence of those abilities and the appearance of objects immediately prior to the event. The list of exceptions is as follows:
603.10c. Abilities that trigger specifically when an object becomes unattached look back in time.
603.10e. Abilities that trigger when a spell is countered look back in time.
603.10f. Abilities that trigger when a player loses the game look back in time.
604.1. Static abilities do something all the time rather than being activated or triggered. They are written as statements, and they're simply true.
604.3a. A static ability is a characteristic-defining ability if it meets the following criteria: (1) It defines an object's colors, subtypes, power, or toughness; (2) it is printed on the card it affects, it was granted to the token it affects by the effect that created the token, or it was acquired by the object it affects as the result of a copy effect or text-changing effect; (3) it does not directly affect the characteristics of any other objects; (4) it is not an ability that an object grants to itself; and (5) it does not set the values of such characteristics only if certain conditions are met.
604.6. Some static abilities apply while a card is in any zone that you could cast or play it from (usually your hand). These are limited to those that read, "You may [cast/play] [this card] . . . ," "You can't [cast/play] [this card] . . . ," and "[Cast/Play] [this card] only . . . ."
605.1. Some activated abilities and some triggered abilities are mana abilities, which are subject to special rules. Only abilities that meet either of the following two sets of criteria are mana abilities, regardless of what other effects they may generate or what timing restrictions (such as "Activate only as an instant") they may have.
605.1b. A triggered ability is a mana ability if it meets all of the following criteria: it doesn't require a target (see rule 115.6), it triggers from the activation or resolution of an activated mana ability (see rule 605.1a) or from mana being added to a player's mana pool, and it could add mana to a player's mana pool when it resolves.
605.3. Activating an activated mana ability follows the rules for activating any other activated ability (see rule 602.2), with the following exceptions:
605.3a. A player may activate an activated mana ability whenever they have priority, whenever they are casting a spell or activating an ability that requires a mana payment, or whenever a rule or effect asks for a mana payment, even if it's in the middle of casting or resolving a spell or activating or resolving an ability.
605.3b. An activated mana ability doesn't go on the stack, so it can't be targeted, countered, or otherwise responded to. Rather, it resolves immediately after it is activated. (See rule 405.6c.)
605.3c. Once a player begins to activate a mana ability, that ability can't be activated again until it has resolved.
605.4a. A triggered mana ability doesn't go on the stack, so it can't be targeted, countered, or otherwise responded to. Rather, it resolves immediately after the mana ability that triggered it, without waiting for priority. Example: An enchantment reads, "Whenever a player taps a land for mana, that player adds one mana of any type that land produced." If a player taps lands for mana while casting a spell, the additional mana is added immediately and can be used to pay for the spell.
605.5. Abilities that don't meet the criteria specified in rules 605.1a-b and spells aren't mana abilities.
607.1. An object may have two abilities printed on it such that one of them causes actions to be taken or objects or players to be affected and the other one directly refers to those actions, objects, or players. If so, these two abilities are linked: the second refers only to actions that were taken or objects or players that were affected by the first, and not by any other ability.
607.1a. An ability printed on an object within another ability that grants that ability to that object is considered to be "printed on" that object for these purposes.
607.1b. An ability printed on either face of a transforming double-faced card (see rule 712) is considered to be "printed on" that object for these purposes, regardless of which face is up.
607.1c. An ability printed on an object that fulfills both criteria described in rule 607.1 is linked to itself.
607.1d. Abilities printed on two objects can be linked if one object is a token, emblem, or nontoken permanent and the second object was the source of the ability that either created the token or emblem or put that nontoken permanent onto the battlefield. In these cases, the abilities fit the criteria listed for one of the different kinds of linked abilities in rule 607.2 except they are printed on two objects rather than one.
607.2. There are different kinds of linked abilities.
607.2a. If an object has an activated or triggered ability printed on it that instructs a player to exile one or more cards and an ability printed on it that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards in the exile zone that were put there as a result of an instruction to exile them in the first ability.
607.2b. If an object has an ability printed on it that generates a replacement effect which causes one or more cards to be exiled and an ability printed on it that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards in the exile zone that were put there as a direct result of a replacement event caused by the first ability. See rule 614, "Replacement Effects."
607.2c. If an object has an activated or triggered ability printed on it that puts one or more objects onto the battlefield and an ability printed on it that refers to objects "put onto the battlefield with [this object]" or "created with [this object]," those abilities are linked. The second can refer only to objects put onto the battlefield as a result of the first.
607.2d. If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to "choose a [value]" and an ability printed on it that refers to "the chosen [value]," "the last chosen [value]," or similar, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to a choice made as a result of the first ability.
607.2e. If an object has an ability printed on it that allows some information to be noted and another ability which refers to information noted for that object, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to information noted as a result of the first ability.
607.2f. If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to choose from between two or more words that otherwise have no rules meaning and an ability printed on it that refers to a choice involving one or more of those words, those abilities are linked. The second can refer only to a choice made as a result of the first ability.
607.2g. If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to pay a cost as it enters the battlefield and an ability printed on it that refers to the cost paid "as [this object] entered," these abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to a cost paid as a result of the first ability.
607.2i. If an object has an ability printed on it that allows an additional cost to be paid and an ability printed on it that refers to whether that cost was paid, those abilities are linked. The second refers only to whether the intent to pay the additional cost listed in the first was declared as the object was cast as a spell. If an ability lists multiple such costs, it may have multiple abilities linked to it. Each of those abilities will specify which cost it refers to. Example: Stormscape Battlemage has "Kicker {W} and/or {2}{B}" and two abilities that may trigger when it enters the battlefield. The first triggers if it was kicked with its {W} kicker, and the second triggers if it was kicked with its {2}{B} kicker. Each of those triggered abilities is linked to its kicker ability.
607.2j. If an object has an ability printed on it that causes a player to pay a variable additional cost as it's cast and an ability printed on it that refers to the cost paid "as [this object] was cast," these abilities are linked. The second refers only to the value chosen for the cost listed in the first as the object was cast as a spell. See rule 601.2b.
607.2n. If an object has a static ability printed on it that allows a player to exile one or more cards "before you shuffle your deck to start the game" and an ability printed on it that refers to cards "exiled with cards named [this object's name]," the second ability is linked to the first ability of any objects that had the specified name before the game began.
607.2p. If an object has both a static ability that causes a player to make a choice for a characteristic-defining ability before the game begins and that characteristic-defining ability printed on it in the same paragraph, those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to the choice made as a result of the first ability and continues to refer to that choice as the object changes zones during the game.
607.2q. If a permanent spell has an ability printed on it that allows one or more cards to be exiled while paying a cost to cast it and the permanent that spell becomes has an ability that refers to cards "exiled with [this object]," those abilities are linked. The second ability refers only to cards exiled to pay the cost of the spell that became that permanent.
607.3. If, within a pair of linked abilities, one ability refers to a single object as "the exiled card," "a card exiled with [this object]," or a similar phrase, and the other ability has exiled multiple cards (usually because it was copied), the ability refers to each of the exiled cards. If that ability asks for any information about the exiled card, such as a characteristic or mana value, it gets multiple answers. If these answers are used to determine the value of a variable, the sum of the answers is used. If that ability performs any actions on "the" card, it performs that action on each exiled card. If that ability creates a token that is a copy of "the" card, then for each exiled card, it creates a token that is a copy of that card. If that ability performs any actions on "a" card, the controller of the ability chooses which card is affected.
607.4. An ability may be part of more than one pair of linked abilities. Example: Paradise Plume has the following three abilities: "As this artifact enters, choose a color," "Whenever a player casts a spell of the chosen color, you may gain 1 life," and "{T}: Add one mana of the chosen color." The first and second abilities are linked. The first and third abilities are linked.
607.5. If an object acquires a pair of linked abilities as part of the same effect, the abilities will be similarly linked to one another on that object even though they weren't printed on that object. They can't be linked to any other ability, regardless of what other abilities the object may currently have or may have had in the past. Example: Arc-Slogger has the ability "{R}, Exile the top ten cards of your library: This creature deals 2 damage to any target." Sisters of Stone Death has the ability "{B}{G}: Exile target creature blocking or blocked by Sisters of Stone Death" and the ability "{2}{B}: Put a creature card exiled with Sisters of Stone Death onto the battlefield under your control." Quicksilver Elemental has the ability "{U}: This creature gains all activated abilities of target creature until end of turn." If a player has Quicksilver Elemental gain Arc-Slogger's ability, activates it, then has Quicksilver Elemental gain Sisters of Stone Death's abilities, activates the exile ability, and then activates the return-to-the-battlefield ability, only the creature card Quicksilver Elemental exiled with Sisters of Stone Death's ability can be returned to the battlefield. Creature cards Quicksilver Elemental exiled with Arc-Slogger's ability can't be returned.
607.5a. If an object gains an ability that refers to a choice, but either (a) doesn't copy that ability's linked ability or (b) does copy the linked ability but no choice is made for it, then the choice is considered to be "undefined." If an ability refers to an undefined choice, that part of the ability won't do anything. Example: Voice of All enters the battlefield and Unstable Shapeshifter copies it. Voice of All reads, in part, "As this creature enters, choose a color." and "This creature has protection from the chosen color." Unstable Shapeshifter never had a chance for a color to be chosen for it, because it didn't enter the battlefield as Voice of All so it doesn't gain a protection ability. Example: A Vesuvan Doppelganger enters the battlefield as a copy of Voice of All, and the Doppelganger's controller chooses blue. Later, the Doppelganger copies Quirion Elves, which has the ability, "{T}: Add one mana of the chosen color." Even though a color was chosen for the Doppelganger, it wasn't chosen for the ability linked to the mana ability copied from the Elves. If that mana ability of the Doppelganger is activated, it will not produce mana.
608.2. If the object that's resolving is an instant spell, a sorcery spell, or an ability, its resolution may involve several steps. The steps described in rules 608.2a and 608.2b are followed first. The steps described in rules 608.2c-m are then followed as appropriate, in no specific order. The steps described in rule 608.2n and 608.2p are followed last.
608.2a. If a triggered ability has an intervening "if" clause, it checks whether the clause's condition is true. If it isn't, the ability is removed from the stack and does nothing. Otherwise, it continues to resolve. See rule 603.4.
608.2b. If the spell or ability specifies targets, it checks whether the targets are still legal. A target that's no longer in the zone it was in when it was targeted is illegal. Other changes to the game state may cause a target to no longer be legal; for example, its characteristics may have changed or an effect may have changed the text of the spell. If the source of an ability has left the zone it was in, its last known information is used during this process. If all its targets, for every instance of the word "target," are now illegal, the spell or ability doesn't resolve. It's removed from the stack and, if it's a spell, put into its owner's graveyard. Otherwise, the spell or ability will resolve normally. Illegal targets, if any, won't be affected by parts of a resolving spell's effect for which they're illegal. Other parts of the effect for which those targets are not illegal may still affect them. If the spell or ability creates any continuous effects that affect game rules (see rule 613.11), those effects don't apply to illegal targets. If part of the effect requires information about an illegal target, it fails to determine any such information. Any part of the effect that requires that information won't happen. Example: Sorin's Thirst is a black instant that reads, "Sorin's Thirst deals 2 damage to target creature and you gain 2 life." If the creature isn't a legal target during the resolution of Sorin's Thirst (say, if the creature has gained protection from black or left the battlefield), then Sorin's Thirst doesn't resolve. Its controller doesn't gain any life. Example: Plague Spores reads, "Destroy target nonblack creature and target land. They can't be regenerated." Suppose the same creature land is chosen both as the nonblack creature and as the land, and the color of the creature land is changed to black before Plague Spores resolves. Plague Spores still resolves because the black creature land is still a legal target for the "target land" part of the spell. The "destroy target nonblack creature" part of the spell won't affect that permanent, but the "destroy target land" part of the spell will still destroy it. It can't be regenerated.
608.2c. The controller of the spell or ability follows its instructions in the order written. However, replacement effects may modify these actions. In some cases, later text on the card may modify the meaning of earlier text (for example, "Destroy target creature. It can't be regenerated" or "Counter target spell. If that spell is countered this way, put it on top of its owner's library instead of into its owner's graveyard.") Don't just apply effects step by step without thinking in these cases--read the whole text and apply the rules of English to the text.
608.2d. If an effect of a spell or ability offers any choices other than choices already made as part of casting the spell, activating the ability, or otherwise putting the spell or ability on the stack, the player announces these while applying the effect. The player can't choose an option that's illegal or impossible, with the exception that having a library with no cards in it doesn't make drawing a card an impossible action (see rule 121.3). If an effect divides or distributes something, such as damage or counters, as a player chooses among any number of untargeted players and/or objects, the player chooses the amount and division such that each chosen player or object receives at least one of whatever is being divided. (Note that if an effect divides or distributes something, such as damage or counters, as a player chooses among some number of target objects and/or players, the amount and division were determined as the spell or ability was put onto the stack rather than at this time; see rule 601.2d.) Example: A spell's instruction reads, "You may sacrifice a creature. If you don't, you lose 4 life." A player who controls no creatures can't choose the sacrifice option.
608.2e. Some spells and abilities have multiple steps or actions, denoted by separate sentences or clauses, that involve multiple players. In these cases, the choices for the first action are made in APNAP order, and then the first action is processed simultaneously. Then the choices for the second action are made in APNAP order, and then that action is processed simultaneously, and so on. See rule 101.4.
608.2f. Some spells and abilities include actions taken on multiple players and/or objects. In most cases, each such action is processed simultaneously. If the action can't be processed simultaneously, it's instead processed considering each affected player or object individually. APNAP order is used to make the primary determination of the order of those actions. Secondarily, if the action is to be taken on both a player and an object they control or on multiple objects controlled by the same player, the player who controls the resolving spell or ability chooses the relative order of those actions. Example: Blatant Thievery says "For each opponent, gain control of target permanent that player controls." As Blatant Thievery resolves, its controller gains control of all permanents chosen as targets simultaneously. Example: Soulfire Eruption says, in part, "Choose any number of target creatures, planeswalkers, and/or players. For each of them, exile the top card of your library, then Soulfire Eruption deals damage equal to that card's mana value to that permanent or player." A player casts Soulfire Eruption targeting an opponent and a creature that opponent controls. As Soulfire Eruption resolves, the player can't exile the top card of their library multiple times at the same time, so they first choose which target they are considering, then they exile the top card of their library, and finally Soulfire Eruption deals damage to that target. They then repeat this process for the remaining target.
608.2g. If an effect gives a player the option to pay mana, they may activate mana abilities before taking that action. If an effect specifically instructs or allows a player to cast a spell during resolution, they do so by following the steps in rules 601.2a-i, except no player receives priority after it's cast. That spell becomes the topmost object on the stack, and the currently resolving spell or ability continues to resolve, which may include casting other spells this way. No other spells can normally be cast and no other abilities can normally be activated during resolution.
608.2h. If an effect requires information from the game (such as the number of creatures on the battlefield), the answer is determined only once, when the effect is applied. If the effect requires information from a specific object, including the source of the ability itself, the effect uses the current information of that object if it's in the public zone it was expected to be in; if it's no longer in that zone, or if the effect has moved it from a public zone to a hidden zone, the effect uses the object's last known information. See rule 113.7a. If an ability states that an object does something, it's the object as it exists--or as it most recently existed--that does it, not the ability.
608.2i. Some effects look back in time and require information about previous game states and actions rather than considering the current game state. If such an effect requires information from the game about an object or group of objects, and that effect is not taking any actions on those objects, they don't need to be currently in the zone they were in at the time of that previous game state or action, nor do they need to currently meet the criteria described in the action, as long as they did so at the specified time. This is an exception to 608.2h. Example: A player attacks with Bear Cub. Later in the turn, an effect causes Bear Cub to become a noncreature permanent. The same player then casts Search Party Captain, a spell that says in part "This spell costs {1} less to cast for each creature you attacked with this turn." That spell costs {1} less because the player attacked with a creature, even though the Bear Cub they attacked with is no longer a creature.
608.2j. If an effect refers to certain characteristics, it checks only for the value of the specified characteristics, regardless of any related ones an object may also have. Example: An effect that reads "Destroy all black creatures" destroys a white-and-black creature, but one that reads "Destroy all nonblack creatures" doesn't.
608.2n. As the final part of an instant or sorcery spell's resolution, the spell is put into its owner's graveyard. As the final part of an ability's resolution, the ability is removed from the stack and ceases to exist.
608.3. If the object that's resolving is a permanent spell, its resolution may involve several steps. The instructions in rules 608.3a and b are always performed first. Then one of the steps in rule 608.3c-e is performed, if appropriate.
608.3d. If the object that's resolving is a mutating creature spell, the object representing that spell merges with the permanent it is targeting (see rule 728, "Merging with Permanents").
608.3f. If the object that's resolving is a copy of a permanent spell, it will become a token permanent as it is put onto the battlefield in any of the steps above. A token put onto the battlefield this way is no longer a copy of a spell and is not "created" for the purposes of any rules or effects that refer to creating a token.
609.2. Effects apply only to permanents unless the instruction's text states otherwise or they clearly can apply only to objects in one or more other zones. Example: An effect that changes all lands into creatures won't alter land cards in players' graveyards. But an effect that says spells cost more to cast will apply only to spells on the stack, since a spell is always on the stack while a player is casting it.
609.3. If an effect attempts to do something impossible, it does only as much as possible. Example: If a player is holding only one card, an effect that reads "Discard two cards" causes them to discard only that card. If an effect moves cards out of the library (as opposed to drawing), it moves as many as possible.
609.4. Some effects state that a player may do something "as though" some condition were true or a creature can do something "as though" some condition were true. This applies only to the stated effect. For purposes of that effect, treat the game exactly as if the stated condition were true. For all other purposes, treat the game normally.
609.4b. If an effect allows a player to spend mana "as though it were mana of any [type or color]," this affects only how the player may pay a cost. It doesn't change that cost, and it doesn't change what mana was actually spent to pay that cost. The same is true for effects that say "mana of any type can be spent."
609.5. If an effect could result in a tie, the text of the spell or ability that created the effect will specify what to do in the event of a tie. The Magic game has no default for ties.
609.7. Some effects apply to damage from a source--for example, "The next time a red source of your choice would deal damage to you this turn, prevent that damage."
609.7b. Some effects from resolved spells and abilities prevent or replace damage from sources with certain properties, such as a creature or a source of a particular color. When the source would deal damage, the "shield" rechecks the source's properties. If the properties no longer match, the damage isn't prevented or replaced. If for any reason the shield prevents no damage or replaces no damage, the shield isn't used up.
609.7c. Some effects from static abilities prevent or replace damage from sources with certain properties. For these effects, the prevention or replacement applies to sources that are permanents with that property and to any sources that aren't on the battlefield that have that property.
610.1. A one-shot effect does something just once and doesn't have a duration. Examples include dealing damage, destroying a permanent, creating a token, and moving an object from one zone to another.
610.3. Some one-shot effects cause an object to change zones "until" a specified event occurs. A second one-shot effect is created immediately after the specified event. This second one-shot effect returns the object to its previous zone.
610.3c. An object returned to the battlefield this way returns under its owner's control unless otherwise specified.
610.3d. If multiple one-shot effects are created this way immediately after one or more simultaneous events, those one-shot effects are also simultaneous. Example: Two Banisher Priests have each exiled a card. All creatures are destroyed at the same time by Day of Judgment. The two exiled cards are returned to the battlefield at the same time.
610.4d. If multiple one-shot effects are created this way immediately after one or more simultaneous events, those one-shot effects are also simultaneous.
611.2a. A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability lasts as long as stated by the spell or ability creating it (such as "until end of turn"). If no duration is stated, it lasts until the end of the game.
611.2b. Some continuous effects generated by the resolution of a spell or ability have durations worded "for as long as . . . ." If the "for as long as" duration never starts, the effect does nothing. Similarly, if that duration ends before the moment the effect would first be applied and doesn't begin again during that spell or ability's resolution, the effect does nothing. It doesn't start and immediately stop again, and it doesn't last forever. Example: Master Thief has the ability "When this creature enters, gain control of target artifact for as long as you control this creature." If you lose control of Master Thief before the ability resolves, it does nothing, because its duration--as long as you control Master Thief--was over before the effect began.
611.2c. If a continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability modifies the characteristics or changes the controller of any objects, the set of objects it affects is determined when that continuous effect begins. After that point, the set won't change. (Note that this works differently than a continuous effect from a static ability.) A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability that doesn't modify the characteristics or change the controller of any objects modifies the rules of the game, so it can affect objects that weren't affected when that continuous effect began. If a single continuous effect has parts that modify the characteristics or changes the controller of any objects and other parts that don't, the set of objects each part applies to is determined independently. Example: An effect that reads "All white creatures get +1/+1 until end of turn" gives the bonus to all permanents that are white creatures when the spell or ability resolves--even if they change color later--and doesn't affect those that enter the battlefield or turn white afterward. Example: An effect that reads "Prevent all damage creatures would deal this turn" doesn't modify any object's characteristics, so it's modifying the rules of the game. That means the effect will apply even to damage from creatures that weren't on the battlefield when the continuous effect began. It also affects damage from permanents that become creatures later in the turn.
611.2d. If a resolving spell or ability that creates a continuous effect contains a variable such as X, the value of that variable is determined only once, on resolution. See rule 608.2h.
611.2f. Some spells and abilities generate a continuous effect that modifies the characteristics of the next spell a player casts, the next spell that fulfills certain conditions a player casts during some duration, or similar. These effects do not begin immediately. Rather, they begin to apply at the time that player next puts an appropriate spell on the stack, and they apply to that spell. See rule 601.2a.
611.3a. A continuous effect generated by a static ability isn't "locked in"; it applies at any given moment to whatever its text indicates.
611.3b. The effect applies at all times that the permanent generating it is on the battlefield or the object generating it is in the appropriate zone. Example: A permanent with the static ability "All white creatures get +1/+1" generates an effect that continuously gives +1/+1 to each white creature on the battlefield. If a creature becomes white, it gets this bonus; a creature that stops being white loses it.
611.3d. Continuous effects from static abilities may allow a player to play a land or cast a permanent spell, or may grant an ability to a permanent spell or card that allows it to be cast. If the effect also grants that object an ability that functions only on the battlefield, that ability lasts as long as stated by the effect granting that permission or ability. If no duration is stated, it lasts until the end of the game. This is an exception to rules 611.3a-b.
612.1. Some continuous effects change an object's text. This can apply to any words or symbols printed on that object, but generally affects only that object's rules text (which appears in its text box) and/or the text that appears in its type line. Such an effect is a text-changing effect.
612.2. A text-changing effect changes only those words that are used in the correct way (for example, a Magic color word being used as a color word, a land type word used as a land type, or a creature type word used as a creature type). An effect that changes a color word or a subtype can't change a card name, even if that name contains a word or a series of letters that is the same as a Magic color word, basic land type, or creature type.
612.5. One card (Exchange of Words) instructs a player to exchange the text boxes of two objects. This replaces all of the rules text of each object with the rules text of the other object. (In games involving certain cards that aren't covered by these rules, other elements of the text box may also be exchanged. See rule 100.7.)
612.6. One card (Volrath's Shapeshifter) states that an object has the "full text" of another object. This changes not just the text that appears in the object's text box and type line, but also changes the text that represents its name, mana cost, color indicator, power, and toughness.
612.7. One card (Spy Kit) states that an object has "all names of nonlegendary creature cards." This changes the text that represents the object's name. That object has the name of each nonlegendary creature card in the Oracle card reference. (See rule 108.1.)
612.8. Some cards create a continuous effect that sets the name of an object. This changes the text that represents the object's name. That object loses any names it had and has only the specified name.
612.10. A splice ability changes a spell's text by adding the rules text of the card with splice to the spell, following that spell's own rules text. It doesn't modify or replace any of that spell's own text. (See rule 702.47, "Splice.")
613.1. The values of an object's characteristics are determined by starting with the actual object. For a card, that means the values of the characteristics printed on that card. For a token or a copy of a spell or card, that means the values of the characteristics defined by the effect that created it. Then all applicable continuous effects are applied in a series of layers in the following order:
613.1e. Layer 5: Color-changing effects are applied.
613.2. Within layer 1, apply effects in a series of sublayers in the order described below. Within each sublayer, apply effects in timestamp order (see rule 613.7). Note that dependency may alter the order in which effects are applied within a sublayer. (See rule 613.8.)
613.4. Within layer 7, apply effects in a series of sublayers in the order described below. Within each sublayer, apply effects in timestamp order. (See rule 613.7.) Note that dependency may alter the order in which effects are applied within a sublayer. (See rule 613.8.)
613.4c. Layer 7c: Effects and counters that modify power and/or toughness (but don't set power and/or toughness to a specific number or value) are applied.
613.5. The application of continuous effects as described by the layer system is continually and automatically performed by the game. All resulting changes to an object's characteristics are instantaneous. Example: Honor of the Pure is an enchantment that reads "White creatures you control get +1/+1." Honor of the Pure and a 2/2 black creature are on the battlefield under your control. If an effect then turns the creature white (layer 5), it gets +1/+1 from Honor of the Pure (layer 7c), becoming 3/3. If the creature's color is later changed to red (layer 5), Honor of the Pure's effect stops applying to it, and it will return to being 2/2. Example: Gray Ogre, a 2/2 creature, is on the battlefield. An effect puts a +1/+1 counter on it (layer 7c), making it 3/3. A spell targeting it that says "Target creature gets +4/+4 until end of turn" resolves (layer 7c), making it 7/7. An enchantment that says "Creatures you control get +0/+2" enters the battlefield (layer 7c), making it 7/9. An effect that says "Target creature becomes 0/1 until end of turn" is applied to it (layer 7b), making it 5/8 (0/1, with +4/+4 from the resolved spell, +0/+2 from the enchantment, and +1/+1 from the counter).
613.6. If an effect should be applied in different layers and/or sublayers, the parts of the effect each apply in their appropriate ones. If an effect starts to apply in one layer and/or sublayer, it will continue to be applied to the same set of objects in each other applicable layer and/or sublayer, even if the ability generating the effect is removed during this process. Example: An effect that reads "This creature gets +1/+1 and becomes the color of your choice until end of turn" is both a power- and toughness-changing effect and a color-changing effect. The "becomes the color of your choice" part is applied in layer 5, and then the "gets +1/+1" part is applied in layer 7c. Example: Act of Treason has an effect that reads "Gain control of target creature until end of turn. Untap that creature. It gains haste until end of turn." This is both a control-changing effect and an effect that adds an ability to an object. The "gain control" part is applied in layer 2, and then the "it gains haste" part is applied in layer 6. Example: An effect that reads "All noncreature artifacts become 2/2 artifact creatures until end of turn" is both a type-changing effect and a power- and toughness-setting effect. The type-changing effect is applied to all noncreature artifacts in layer 4 and the power- and toughness-setting effect is applied to those same permanents in layer 7b, even though those permanents aren't noncreature artifacts by then. Example: Svogthos, the Restless Tomb, is on the battlefield. An effect that says "Until end of turn, target land becomes a 3/3 creature that's still a land" is applied to it (layers 4 and 7b). An effect that says "Target creature gets +1/+1 until end of turn" is applied to it (layer 7c), making it a 4/4 land creature. Then while you have ten creature cards in your graveyard, you activate Svogthos's ability: "Until end of turn, this land becomes a black and green Plant Zombie creature with 'This creature's power and toughness are each equal to the number of creature cards in your graveyard.' It's still a land." (layers 4, 5, and 7b). It becomes an 11/11 land creature. If a creature card enters or leaves your graveyard, Svogthos's power and toughness will be modified accordingly. If the first effect is applied to it again, it will become a 4/4 land creature again.
613.7. Within a layer or sublayer, determining which order effects are applied in is usually done using a timestamp system. An effect with an earlier timestamp is applied before an effect with a later timestamp.
613.7a. A continuous effect generated by a static ability has the same timestamp as the object the static ability is on, or the timestamp of the effect that created the ability, whichever is later. If the effect that created the ability has the later timestamp and the object the ability is on receives a new timestamp, each continuous effect generated by static abilities of that object receives a new timestamp as well, but the relative order of those timestamps remains the same. Example: Rune of Flight is an Aura that grants enchanted Equipment "Equipped creature has flying." A player attaches Rune of Flight to Colossus Hammer, an Equipment with "Equipped creature gets +10/+10 and loses flying." The ability granted by Rune of Flight shares Rune of Flight's timestamp because it is later than Colossus Hammer's timestamp. If Colossus Hammer becomes attached to a creature, both of its abilities receive new timestamps (see rule 613.7e), but the relative order of those timestamps remains the same.
613.7b. A continuous effect generated by the resolution of a spell or ability receives a timestamp at the time it's created.
613.7c. Each counter receives a timestamp as it's put on an object or player. If that object or player already has a counter of that kind on it, each counter of that kind receives a new timestamp identical to that of the new counter.
613.7d. An object receives a timestamp at the time it enters a zone.
613.7f. A permanent receives a new timestamp each time it turns face up or face down.
613.7g. A transforming double-faced permanent receives a new timestamp each time it transforms or converts.
613.7i. A face-up vanguard card receives a timestamp at the beginning of the game.
613.7j. A conspiracy card receives a timestamp at the beginning of the game. If it's face down, it receives a new timestamp at the time it turns face up.
613.7k. A sticker receives a new timestamp each time it's put on an object. If the object a sticker is on receives a new timestamp, the sticker receives a new timestamp immediately after that one. If the object a sticker is on becomes part of a merged permanent on the battlefield, the sticker receives a new timestamp at that time. If an object has more than one sticker on it as it enters a zone or becomes part of a merged permanent, the relative timestamp order of those stickers remains unchanged.
613.7m. If two or more objects would receive a timestamp simultaneously, such as by entering a zone simultaneously or becoming attached simultaneously, their relative timestamps are determined in APNAP order (see rule 101.4). Objects controlled by the active player (or owned by the active player, if they have no controller) have an earlier relative timestamp in the order of that player's choice, followed by each other player in turn order.
613.8. Within a layer or sublayer, determining which order effects are applied in is sometimes done using a dependency system. If a dependency exists, it will override the timestamp system.
613.8a. An effect is said to "depend on" another if (a) it's applied in the same layer (and, if applicable, sublayer) as the other effect; (b) applying the other would change the text or the existence of the first effect, what it applies to, or what it does to any of the things it applies to; and (c) neither effect is from a characteristic-defining ability or both effects are from characteristic-defining abilities. Otherwise, the effect is considered to be independent of the other effect.
613.8b. An effect dependent on one or more other effects waits to apply until just after all of those effects have been applied. If multiple dependent effects would apply simultaneously in this way, they're applied in timestamp order relative to each other. If several dependent effects form a dependency loop, then this rule is ignored and the effects in the dependency loop are applied in timestamp order.
613.8c. After each effect is applied, the order of remaining effects is reevaluated and may change if an effect that has not yet been applied becomes dependent on or independent of one or more other effects that have not yet been applied.
613.9. One continuous effect can override another. Sometimes the results of one effect determine whether another effect applies or what another effect does. Example: Two effects are affecting the same creature: one from an Aura that says "Enchanted creature has flying" and one from an Aura that says "Enchanted creature loses flying." Neither of these depends on the other, since nothing changes what they affect or what they're doing to it. Applying them in timestamp order means the one that was generated last "wins." The same process would be followed, and the same result reached, if either of the effects had a duration (such as "Target creature loses flying until end of turn") or came from a non-Aura source (such as "All creatures lose flying"). Example: One effect reads, "White creatures get +1/+1," and another reads, "Enchanted creature is white." The enchanted creature gets +1/+1 from the first effect, regardless of its previous color.
614.1. Some continuous effects are replacement effects. Like prevention effects (see rule 615), replacement effects apply continuously as events happen--they aren't locked in ahead of time. Such effects watch for a particular event that would happen and completely or partially replace that event with a different event. They act like "shields" around whatever they're affecting.
614.3. There are no special restrictions on casting a spell or activating an ability that generates a replacement effect. Such effects last until they're used up or their duration has expired.
614.6. If an event is replaced, it never happens. A modified event occurs instead, which may in turn trigger abilities. Note that the modified event may contain instructions that can't be carried out, in which case the impossible instruction is simply ignored.
614.7a. If a source would deal 0 damage, it does not deal damage at all. Replacement effects that would increase the damage dealt by that source, or would have that source deal that damage to a different object or player, have no event to replace, so they have no effect.
614.8. Regeneration is a destruction-replacement effect. The word "instead" doesn't appear on the card but is implicit in the definition of regeneration. "Regenerate [permanent]" means "The next time [permanent] would be destroyed this turn, instead remove all damage marked on it and its controller taps it. If it's an attacking or blocking creature, remove it from combat." Abilities that trigger from damage being dealt still trigger even if the permanent regenerates. See rule 701.19.
614.10. An effect that causes a player to skip an event, step, phase, or turn is a replacement effect. "Skip [something]" is the same as "Instead of doing [something], do nothing." Once a step, phase, or turn has started, it can no longer be skipped--any skip effects will wait until the next occurrence.
614.10a. Anything scheduled for a skipped step, phase, or turn won't happen. Anything scheduled for the "next" occurrence of something waits for the first occurrence that isn't skipped. If two effects each cause a player to skip their next occurrence, that player must skip the next two; one effect will be satisfied in skipping the first occurrence, while the other will remain until another occurrence can be skipped.
614.10b. Some effects cause a player to skip a step, phase, or turn, then take another action. That action is considered to be the first thing that happens during the next step, phase, or turn to actually occur.
614.11. Some effects replace card draws. These effects are applied even if no cards could be drawn because there are no cards in the affected player's library.
614.11a. If an effect replaces a draw within a sequence of card draws, all actions required by the replacement are completed, if possible, before resuming the sequence.
614.11b. If an effect would have a player both draw a card and perform an additional action on that card, and the draw is replaced, the additional action is not performed on any cards that are drawn as a result of that replacement effect.
614.13a. While applying an effect that modifies how a permanent enters the battlefield, you may have to choose a number of objects that will also change zones. You can't choose the object that will become that permanent or any other object entering the battlefield at the same time as that object. Example: Sutured Ghoul says, in part, "As this creature enters, exile any number of creature cards from your graveyard." If Sutured Ghoul and Runeclaw Bear enter the battlefield from your graveyard at the same time, you can't choose to exile either of them when applying Sutured Ghoul's replacement effect.
614.13c. While applying a replacement effect that modifies how a permanent enters the battlefield, another replacement effect may cause a player to mill cards or exile cards from the top of a library. In that case, any card that is entering the battlefield from that library won't be included in that effect, even though those cards are in the library as the effect is applied. Example: Ashiok, Wicked Manipulator has an ability that reads "If you would pay life while your library has at least that many cards in it, exile that many cards from the top of your library instead." Breeding Pool is a land that reads, in part, "As this land enters, you may pay 2 life." If an effect allows a player to play Breeding Pool from the top of their library while they control Ashiok, and they choose to pay life as Breeding Pool enters, Ashiok's replacement effect will ignore Breeding Pool, because it is entering the battlefield, and the next two cards will be exiled.
614.14. An object may have one ability printed on it that generates a replacement effect which causes one or more cards to be exiled, and another ability that refers either to "the exiled cards" or to cards "exiled with [this object]." These abilities are linked: the second refers only to cards in the exile zone that were put there as a direct result of the replacement event caused by the first. If another object gains a pair of linked abilities, the abilities will be similarly linked on that object. They can't be linked to any other ability, regardless of what other abilities the object may currently have or may have had in the past. See rule 607, "Linked Abilities."
614.17. Some effects state that something can't happen. These effects aren't replacement effects, but follow similar rules.
614.17a. "Can't" effects must exist before the appropriate event occurs--they can't "go back in time" and change something that's already happened.
614.17b. If an event can't happen, a player can't choose to pay a cost that includes that event.
614.17c. If an event can't happen, it can only be replaced by a self-replacement effect (see rule 614.15). Other replacement and/or prevention effects can't modify or replace it.
615.1. Some continuous effects are prevention effects. Like replacement effects (see rule 614), prevention effects apply continuously as events happen--they aren't locked in ahead of time. Such effects watch for a damage event that would happen and completely or partially prevent the damage that would be dealt. They act like "shields" around whatever they're affecting.
615.3. There are no special restrictions on casting a spell or activating an ability that generates a prevention effect. Such effects last until they're used up or their duration has expired.
615.5. Some prevention effects also include an additional effect, which may refer to the amount of damage that was prevented. The prevention takes place at the time the original event would have happened; the rest of the effect takes place immediately afterward.
615.6. If damage that would be dealt is prevented, it never happens. A modified event may occur instead, which may in turn trigger abilities. Note that the modified event may contain instructions that can't be carried out, in which case the impossible instruction is simply ignored.
615.7. Some prevention effects generated by the resolution of a spell or ability refer to a specific amount of damage--for example, "Prevent the next 3 damage that would be dealt to any target this turn." These work like shields. Each 1 damage that would be dealt to the "shielded" permanent or player is prevented. Preventing 1 damage reduces the remaining shield by 1. If damage would be dealt to the shielded permanent or player by two or more applicable sources at the same time, the player or the controller of the permanent chooses which damage the shield prevents. Once the shield has been reduced to 0, any remaining damage is dealt normally. Such effects count only the amount of damage; the number of events or sources dealing it doesn't matter.
615.8. Some prevention effects generated by the resolution of a spell or ability refer to the next time a specific source would deal damage. These effects prevent the next instance of damage from that source, regardless of how much damage that is. Once an instance of damage from that source has been prevented, any subsequent instances of damage that would be dealt by that source are dealt normally.
615.9. Some effects generated by the resolution of a spell or ability prevent damage from a source of a player's choice with certain properties. When the source would deal damage, the shield rechecks the source's properties. If the properties no longer match, the damage isn't prevented or replaced and the shield isn't used up. See rule 609.7b.
615.10. Some prevention effects generated by static abilities refer to a specific amount of damage--for example, "If a source would deal damage to you, prevent 1 of that damage." Such an effect prevents only the indicated amount of damage in any applicable damage event at any given time. It will apply separately to damage from other applicable events that would happen at the same time, or at a different time. Example: Daunting Defender says "If a source would deal damage to a Cleric creature you control, prevent 1 of that damage." Pyroclasm says "Pyroclasm deals 2 damage to each creature." Pyroclasm will deal 1 damage to each Cleric creature controlled by Daunting Defender's controller. It will deal 2 damage to each other creature.
615.11. Some prevention effects prevent the next N damage that would be dealt to each of a number of untargeted creatures. Such an effect creates a prevention shield for each applicable creature when the spell or ability that generates that effect resolves. Example: Wojek Apothecary has an ability that says "{T}: Prevent the next 1 damage that would be dealt to target creature and each other creature that shares a color with it this turn." When the ability resolves, it gives the target creature and each other creature on the battlefield that shares a color with it at that time a shield preventing the next 1 damage that would be dealt to it. Changing creatures' colors after the ability resolves doesn't add or remove shields, and creatures that enter the battlefield later in the turn don't get the shield.
615.12. Some effects state that damage "can't be prevented." If unpreventable damage would be dealt, any applicable prevention effects are still applied to it. Those effects won't prevent any damage, but any additional effects they have will take place. Existing damage prevention shields won't be reduced by damage that can't be prevented.
615.12a. A prevention effect is applied to any particular unpreventable damage event just once. It won't invoke itself repeatedly trying to prevent that damage.
616. Interaction of Replacement and/or Prevention Effects
616.1. If two or more replacement and/or prevention effects are attempting to modify the way an event affects an object or player, the affected object's controller (or its owner if it has no controller) or the affected player chooses one to apply, following the steps listed below. If two or more players have to make these choices at the same time, choices are made in APNAP order (see rule 101.4).
616.1a. If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects are self-replacement effects (see rule 614.15), one of them must be chosen. If not, proceed to rule 616.1b.
616.1b. If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects would modify under whose control an object would enter the battlefield, one of them must be chosen. If not, proceed to rule 616.1c.
616.1d. If any of the replacement and/or prevention effects would cause a card to enter the battlefield with its back face up, one of them must be chosen (See rule 701.27, "Transform," and rule 701.28, "Convert."). If not, proceed to 616.1e.
616.1e. Any of the applicable replacement and/or prevention effects may be chosen.
616.1f. Once the chosen effect has been applied, this process is repeated (taking into account only replacement or prevention effects that would now be applicable) until there are no more left to apply. Example: Two permanents are on the battlefield. One is an enchantment that reads "If a card would be put into a graveyard from anywhere, instead exile it," and the other is a creature that reads "If this creature would die, instead shuffle it into its owner's library." If the creature is destroyed, its controller decides which replacement to apply first; the other does nothing. Example: Essence of the Wild reads "Creatures you control enter as a copy of this creature." A player who controls Essence of the Wild casts Rusted Sentinel, which normally enters the battlefield tapped. As it enters the battlefield, the copy effect from Essence of the Wild is applied first. As a result, it no longer has the ability that causes it to enter the battlefield tapped. Rusted Sentinel will enter the battlefield as an untapped copy of Essence of the Wild.
616.1g. While following the steps in 616.1a-f, one replacement or prevention effect may apply to an event, and another may apply to an event contained within the first event. In this case, the second effect can't be chosen until after the first effect has been chosen. Example: A player is instructed to create a token that's a copy of Voice of All, which has the ability "As this creature enters, choose a color." Doubling Season has an ability that reads "If an effect would create one or more tokens under your control, it creates twice that many of those tokens instead." Because entering the battlefield is an event contained within the event of creating a token, the effect of Doubling Season must be applied first, and then the effects of the two Voice of All tokens may be applied in either order.
616.2. A replacement or prevention effect can become applicable to an event as the result of another replacement or prevention effect that modifies the event. Example: One effect reads "If you would gain life, draw that many cards instead," and another reads "If you would draw a card, return a card from your graveyard to your hand instead." Both effects combine (regardless of the order they came into existence): Instead of gaining 1 life, the player puts a card from their graveyard into their hand.
7. Additional Rules
700.2. A spell or ability is modal if it has two or more options in a bulleted list preceded by instructions for a player to choose a number of those options, such as "Choose one --." Each of those options is a mode. Modal cards printed prior to the Khans of Tarkir (tm) set didn't use bulleted lists for the modes; these cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference so the modes do appear in a bulleted list.
700.2a. The controller of a modal spell or activated ability chooses the mode(s) as part of casting that spell or activating that ability. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. (See rule 601.2b.)
700.2b. The controller of a modal triggered ability chooses the mode(s) as part of putting that ability on the stack. If one of the modes would be illegal (due to an inability to choose legal targets, for example), that mode can't be chosen. If no mode is chosen, the ability is removed from the stack. (See rule 603.3c.)
700.2c. If a spell or ability targets one or more targets only if a particular mode is chosen for it, its controller will need to choose those targets only if they chose that mode. Otherwise, the spell or ability is treated as though it did not have those targets. (See rule 601.2c.)
700.2d. If a player is allowed to choose more than one mode for a modal spell or ability, that player normally can't choose the same mode more than once. However, some modal spells include the instruction "You may choose the same mode more than once." If a particular mode is chosen multiple times, the spell is treated as if that mode appeared that many times in sequence. If that mode requires a target, the same player or object may be chosen as the target for each of those modes, or different targets may be chosen.
700.2e. Some spells and abilities specify that a player other than their controller chooses a mode for it. In that case, the other player does so when the spell or ability's controller normally would do so. If there is more than one other player who could make such a choice, the spell or ability's controller decides which of those players will make the choice.
700.2h. Some modal spells have one or more modes with a cost listed before the effect of that mode. This indicates that the mode has an additional cost that must be paid as the spell is cast if that mode is chosen. If more than one such mode is chosen, all additional costs must be paid to cast that spell. Paying these costs follows the rules for paying additional costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f-h.
700.2i. Some modal spells have one or more pawprint symbols ({P}) rather than bullet points, as well as an instruction to choose up to a specified number of {P} "worth of modes." While casting such a spell, its controller can choose any number of modes such that the total number of pawprint symbols listed for the chosen modes is not greater than the specified number.
700.3. Some effects cause objects to be temporarily grouped into piles.
700.3a. Each of the affected objects must be put into exactly one of those piles, unless the effect specifies otherwise.
700.3b. Each object in a pile is still an individual object. The pile is not an object.
700.3c. Objects grouped into piles don't leave the zone they're currently in. If cards in a graveyard are split into piles, the order of the graveyard must be maintained. Example: Fact or Fiction reads, "Reveal the top five cards of your library. An opponent separates those cards into two piles. Put one pile into your hand and the other into your graveyard." While an opponent is separating the revealed cards into piles, they're still in their owner's library. They don't leave the library until they're put into their owner's hand or graveyard.
700.3d. A pile can contain zero or more objects.
700.4. The term dies means "is put into a graveyard from the battlefield."
700.5a. A player's devotion to each color and combination of colors, taking into account any effects that modify devotion, is calculated after considering any copy, control, or text-changing effects but before any other effects that modify the characteristics of permanents. This is an exception to 613.10. See also rule 613, "Interaction of Continuous Effects." Example: Altar of the Pantheon is an artifact with no colored mana in its cost and an ability that says "Your devotion to each color and each combination of colors is increased by one." Purphoros, God of the Forge is a permanent mana cost {3}{R} and an ability that says "As long as your devotion to red is less than five, Purphoros isn't a creature." If a player controls both of these permanents and another permanent that costs {R}{R}{R}, that player's devotion to red is calculated to be five before Purphoros's type-changing effect is applied, and Purphoros is a creature.
700.7. If an ability uses a phrase such as "this [something]" to identify an object, where [something] is a characteristic or other quality, it is referring to that particular object, even if it isn't the appropriate quality at the time. Example: An ability reads "Target creature gets +2/+2 until end of turn. Destroy that creature at the beginning of the next end step." The ability will destroy the object it gave +2/+2 to even if that object isn't a creature at the beginning of the next end step.
700.8a. If a spell, ability, or effect needs to determine the number of creatures in a player's party, the calculation of that number is performed automatically by the game and results in a number between zero and four. Players don't declare which specific creatures they control are in their party for such an effect.
700.8b. If a creature has multiple creature types for which it could be the party member, it is counted as the party member for only one of those types. If there are different ways to count such a creature that results in different numbers of creatures in a player's party, it is counted in such a way to get the highest result.
700.8d. One card, Stick Together, instructs players to choose a party from among creatures they control. To do so, for each of the creature types listed in rule 700.8, each player chooses up to one creature they control of that type.
700.9. Some cards refer to modified permanents. A permanent is modified if it has one or more counters on it (see rule 122), if it is equipped (see rule 301.5), or if it is enchanted by an Aura that is controlled by that permanent's controller (see rule 303.4).
700.10. Some cards refer to a permanent "that was activated this turn." This means that the permanent was the source of an ability that was activated this turn, regardless of whether that permanent still has that activated ability or the player who activated it is still in the game.
700.11. Some cards refer to whether a player has "descended this turn." This means that a permanent card has been put into that player's graveyard from anywhere this turn. "The number of times [a player] descended this turn" means "the number of permanent cards put into [that player's] graveyard from anywhere this turn." In both cases, no permanent cards put into the player's graveyard that turn are required to still be in that graveyard.
700.12. The term outlaw refers to an object that has the Assassin, Mercenary, Pirate, Rogue, and/or Warlock creature types.
700.12a. Some cards refer to outlaws that a player controls. Only outlaw permanents are considered for these effects unless otherwise specified.
700.14. Some abilities trigger "Whenever you expend N." A player expends N if they pay a cost to cast a spell and the amount of mana that player spent this turn to cast spells prior to paying that cost was less than N and became at least N after paying that cost. Example: A player casts Bark-Knuckle Boxer, which costs {1}{G} and reads "Whenever you expend 4, this creature gains indestructible until end of turn." After it resolves, that player casts Divination, a spell that costs {2}{U}. Prior to paying the cost to cast Divination, that player has spent two mana to cast spells this turn. After paying the cost, they have spent five mana to cast spells this turn. Since they have now spent at least four mana to cast spells this turn, Bark-Knuckle Boxer's ability triggers.
700.15. The term enter[s] is short for "enter[s] the battlefield."
701.1. Most actions described in a card's rules text use the standard English definitions of the verbs within, but some specialized verbs are used whose meanings may not be clear. These "keywords" are game terms; sometimes reminder text summarizes their meanings.
701.4b. The phrase "if a [quality] was beheld" refers to whether or not the object had that quality at the time the player took that action, regardless of whether or not the revealed card or chosen permanent still has that quality as the spell or ability including that phrase resolves.
701.5a. To cast a spell is to take it from the zone it's in (usually the hand), put it on the stack, and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. A player may cast a spell if they have priority. See rule 601, "Casting Spells."
701.6a. To counter a spell or ability means to cancel it, removing it from the stack. It doesn't resolve and none of its effects occur. A countered spell is put into its owner's graveyard.
701.6b. The player who cast a countered spell or activated a countered ability doesn't get a "refund" of any costs that were paid.
701.7c. Previously, an effect that created tokens instructed a player to "put [those tokens] onto the battlefield." Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now "create" those tokens.
701.8b. The only ways a permanent can be destroyed are as a result of an effect that uses the word "destroy" or as a result of the state-based actions that check for lethal damage (see rule 704.5g) or damage from a source with deathtouch (see rule 704.5h). If a permanent is put into its owner's graveyard for any other reason, it hasn't been "destroyed."
701.8c. A regeneration effect replaces a destruction event. See rule 701.19, "Regenerate."
701.9b. By default, effects that cause a player to discard a card allow the affected player to choose which card to discard. Some effects, however, require a random discard or allow another player to choose which card is discarded.
701.9c. If a card is discarded, but an effect causes it to be put into a hidden zone instead of into its owner's graveyard without being revealed, all values of that card's characteristics are considered to be undefined. If a card is discarded this way to pay a cost that specifies a characteristic about the discarded card, that cost payment is illegal; the game returns to the moment before the cost was paid (see rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions").
701.10c. If a creature's power is less than 0 when it's doubled, doubling that creature's power instead means that the creature gets -X/-0, where X is the difference between 0 and its power. Similarly, if its toughness is less than 0 when doubled, it gets -0/-X. If one characteristic's value is negative but the other isn't when both are doubled, it gets -X/+Y or +X/-Y, as appropriate.
701.10d. To double a player's life total, the player gains or loses an amount of life such that their new life total is twice its current value.
701.10f. To double the amount of a type of mana in a player's mana pool, that player adds an amount of mana of that type equal to the amount they already have.
701.11c. If a creature's power is less than 0 when it's tripled, tripling that creature's power instead means that the creature gets -X/-0, where X is twice the difference between 0 and its power. Similarly, if its toughness is less than 0 when tripled, it gets -0/-X. If one characteristic's value is negative but the other isn't when both are tripled, it gets -X/+Y or +X/-Y, as appropriate.
701.12b. When control of two permanents is exchanged, if those permanents are controlled by different players, each of those players simultaneously gains control of the permanent that was controlled by the other player. If, on the other hand, those permanents are controlled by the same player, the exchange effect does nothing.
701.12c. When life totals are exchanged, each player gains or loses the amount of life necessary to equal the other player's previous life total. Replacement effects may modify these gains and losses, and triggered abilities may trigger on them. A player who can't gain life can't be given a higher life total this way, and a player who can't lose life can't be given a lower life total this way (see rules 119.7-8).
701.12e. If a card in one zone is exchanged with a card in a different zone, and either of them is attached to an object, that card stops being attached to that object and the other card becomes attached to that object.
701.12f. If a spell or ability instructs a player to simply exchange two zones, and one of the zones is empty, the cards in the zones are still exchanged.
701.12g. A spell or ability may instruct a player to exchange two numerical values. In such an exchange, each value becomes equal to the previous value of the other. If either of those values is a life total, the affected player gains or loses the amount of life necessary to equal the other value. Replacement effects may modify this gain or loss, and triggered abilities may trigger on it. A player who can't gain life can't be given a higher life total this way, and a player who can't lose life can't be given a lower life total this way (see rules 119.7-8). If either of those values is a power or toughness, a continuous effect is created setting that power or toughness to the other value (see rule 613.4b). This rule does not apply to spells and abilities that switch a creature's power and toughness.
701.13a. To exile an object, move it to the exile zone from wherever it is. See rule 406, "Exile."
701.17a. For a player to mill a number of cards, that player puts that many cards from the top of their library into their graveyard.
701.17b. A player can't mill a number of cards greater than the number of cards in their library. If given the choice to do so, they can't choose to take that action. If instructed to do so, they mill as many as possible. Similarly, the player can't pay a cost that includes milling a number of cards greater than the number of cards in their library.
701.17c. An effect that refers to a milled card can find that card in the zone it moved to from the library, as long as that zone is a public zone.
701.17d. If an ability checks information about a single milled card but more than one card was milled, that ability refers to each of the milled cards. If that ability asks for any information about the milled card, such as a characteristic or mana value, it gets multiple answers. If these answers are used to determine the value of a variable, the sum of the answers is used. If that ability performs any actions on "the" card, it performs that action on each milled card. If that ability performs any actions on "a" card, the controller of the ability chooses which card is affected.
701.18a. To play a land means to put it onto the battlefield from the zone it's in (usually the hand). A player may play a land if they have priority, it's the main phase of their turn, the stack is empty, and they haven't played a land this turn. Playing a land is a special action (see rule 116), so it doesn't use the stack; it simply happens. Putting a land onto the battlefield as the result of a spell or ability isn't the same as playing a land. See rule 305, "Lands."
701.18b. To play a card means to play that card as a land or to cast that card as a spell, whichever is appropriate.
701.18c. Some effects instruct a player to "play" with a certain aspect of the game changed, such as "Play with the top card of your library revealed." "Play" in this sense means to play the Magic game.
701.18d. Previously, the action of casting a spell, or casting a card as a spell, was referred to on cards as "playing" that spell or that card. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "casting" that spell or that card.
701.18e. Previously, the action of using an activated ability was referred to on cards as "playing" that ability. Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they now refer to "activating" that ability.
701.19c. Neither activating an ability that creates a regeneration shield nor casting a spell that creates a regeneration shield is the same as regenerating a permanent. Effects that say that a permanent can't be regenerated don't preclude such abilities from being activated or such spells from being cast; rather, they cause regeneration shields to not be applied.
701.20a. To reveal a card, show that card to all players for a brief time. If an effect causes a card to be revealed, it remains revealed for as long as necessary to complete the parts of the effect that card is relevant to. If the cost to cast a spell or activate an ability includes revealing a card, or if a card is revealed because an ability is activated from a hidden zone (see rule 602.2a), the card remains revealed from the time the spell or ability is announced until the time it leaves the stack. If revealing a card causes a triggered ability to trigger, the card remains revealed until that triggered ability leaves the stack. If that ability isn't put onto the stack the next time a player would receive priority, the card ceases to be revealed.
701.20b. Revealing a card doesn't cause it to leave the zone it's in.
701.20c. A card that is currently revealed may be revealed again. Example: Telepathy is an enchantment card that reads "Your opponents play with their hands revealed." Silvergill Adept is a creature card that reads, in part, "As an additional cost to cast this spell, reveal a Merfolk card from your hand or pay {3}." A player may reveal a Merfolk card from their hand to pay the additional cost of Silvergill Adept even if that card is already revealed due to Telepathy's effect.
701.20d. If cards in a player's library are shuffled or otherwise reordered, any revealed cards that are reordered stop being revealed and become new objects.
701.20e. Some effects instruct a player to look at one or more cards. Looking at a card follows the same rules as revealing a card, except that the card is shown only to the specified player.
701.22a. To "scry N" means to look at the top N cards of your library, then put any number of them on the bottom of your library in any order and the rest on top of your library in any order.
701.22c. If multiple players scry at once, each of those players looks at the top cards of their library at the same time. Those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4) where to put those cards, then those cards move at the same time.
701.22d. An ability that triggers whenever a player scries triggers after the process described in rule 701.22a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.23a. To search for a card in a zone, look at all cards in that zone (even if it's a hidden zone) and find a card that matches the given description.
701.23b. If a player is searching a hidden zone for cards with a stated quality, such as a card with a certain card type or color, that player isn't required to find some or all of those cards even if they're present in that zone. Example: Splinter says "Exile target artifact. Search its controller's graveyard, hand, and library for all cards with the same name as that artifact and exile them. Then that player shuffles their library." A player casts Splinter targeting Howling Mine (an artifact). Howling Mine's controller has another Howling Mine in her graveyard and two more in her library. Splinter's controller must find the Howling Mine in the graveyard, but may choose to find zero, one, or two of the Howling Mines in the library.
701.23d. If a player is searching a hidden zone simply for a quantity of cards, such as "a card" or "three cards," that player must find that many cards (or as many as possible, if the zone doesn't contain enough cards).
701.23e. If the effect that contains the search instruction doesn't also contain instructions to reveal the found card(s), then they're not revealed.
701.23f. If searching a zone is replaced with searching a portion of that zone, any other instructions that refer to searching the zone still apply. Any abilities that trigger on a library being searched will trigger. Example: Aven Mindcensor says, in part, "If an opponent would search a library, that player searches the top four cards of that library instead." Veteran Explorer says "When this creature dies, each player may search their library for up to two basic land cards, put them onto the battlefield, then shuffle." An opponent who searched the top four cards of their library because of Veteran Explorer's ability would shuffle the entire library.
701.23g. If an effect offers a player a choice to search a zone and take additional actions with the cards found, that player may choose to search even if the additional actions are illegal or impossible.
701.23h. An effect may instruct a player to search a library for one or more cards more than once before instructing a player to shuffle that library. This is the same as a single instruction for that player to search that library for all those cards. The player searches that library only once.
701.23i. If multiple players search at once, each of those players looks at the appropriate cards at the same time, then those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4) which card to find.
701.24a. To shuffle a library or a face-down pile of cards, randomize the cards within it so that no player knows their order.
701.24b. Some effects cause a player to search a library for a card or cards, shuffle that library, then put some or all of the found cards into a different zone or in a certain position in that library. In such cases, the found cards aren't included in the shuffle, even though they remain in the library at that time. Rather, all the cards in that library except those are shuffled. Abilities that trigger when a library is shuffled will still trigger. See also rule 401, "Library."
701.24c. If an effect would cause a player to shuffle one or more specific objects into a library, that library is shuffled even if none of those objects are in the zone they're expected to be in or an effect causes all of those objects to be moved to another zone or remain in their current zone. Example: Guile says, in part, "When Guile is put into a graveyard from anywhere, shuffle it into its owner's library." It's put into a graveyard and its ability triggers, then a player exiles it from that graveyard in response. When the ability resolves, the library is shuffled. Example: Black Sun's Zenith says, in part, "Shuffle Black Sun's Zenith into its owner's library." Black Sun's Zenith is in a graveyard, has gained flashback (due to Recoup, perhaps), and is cast from that graveyard. Black Sun's Zenith will be exiled, and its owner's library will be shuffled.
701.24f. If two or more effects cause a library to be shuffled multiple times simultaneously, abilities that trigger when that library is shuffled will trigger that many times.
701.24g. If an effect would cause a player to shuffle a library at the same time that an object would be put into a certain position in that library, the result is a shuffled library that's randomized except that the object is in the specified position. Example: Darksteel Colossus and Gravebane Zombie are put into a player's graveyard from the battlefield at the same time. Darksteel Colossus says in part "If Darksteel Colossus would be put into a graveyard from anywhere, reveal Darksteel Colossus and shuffle it into its owner's library instead." Gravebane Zombie says "If this creature would die, put it on top of its owner's library instead." The player shuffles Darksteel Colossus into their library and puts Gravebane Zombie on top of that library.
701.25a. To "surveil N" means to look at the top N cards of your library, then put any number of them into your graveyard and the rest on top of your library in any order.
701.25b. If an effect allows you to look at additional cards while you surveil, those cards are included among the cards you may put into your graveyard and on top of your library in any order.
701.25d. An ability that triggers whenever a player surveils triggers after the process described in rule 701.25a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.26a. To tap a permanent, turn it sideways from an upright position. Only untapped permanents can be tapped.
701.26b. To untap a permanent, rotate it back to the upright position from a sideways position. Only tapped permanents can be untapped.
701.28a. To convert a permanent, turn it so that its other face is up. This follows rules 701.27a-f, 712.9-10, and 712.18. Those rules apply to converting a permanent just as they apply to transforming a permanent.
701.28d. If a spell or ability instructs a player to convert a permanent, and the face that permanent would convert into is represented by an instant or sorcery card face, or is a transforming token that was created with an instant or sorcery face, nothing happens.
701.29a. To "fateseal N" means to look at the top N cards of an opponent's library, then put any number of them on the bottom of that library in any order and the rest on top of that library in any order.
701.30c. Each clashing player reveals the top card of their library at the same time. Then those players decide in APNAP order (see rule 101.4) where to put those cards, then those cards move at the same time.
701.30d. A player wins a clash if that player revealed a card with a higher mana value than all other cards revealed in that clash.
701.31d. The plane card that's turned face up is the plane the player planeswalks to. The plane card that's turned face down or that leaves the game is the plane the player planeswalks away from. The same is true with respect to phenomena.
701.32b. To set a scheme in motion, move it off the top of your scheme deck if it's on top of your scheme deck and turn it face up if it isn't face up. That scheme is considered to have been set in motion even if neither of these actions was performed on it.
701.32c. Schemes may only be set in motion one at a time. If a player is instructed to set multiple schemes in motion, that player sets a scheme in motion that many times.
701.34a. To proliferate means to choose any number of permanents and/or players that have a counter, then give each one additional counter of each kind that permanent or player already has.
701.38a. Some spells and abilities instruct players to vote for one choice from a list of options to determine some aspect of the effect of that spell or ability. To vote, each player, starting with a specified player and proceeding in turn order, chooses one of those choices.
701.38b. The listed choices may be objects, words with no rules meaning that are each connected to a different effect, or other variables relevant to the resolution of the spell or ability.
701.38c. If the text of a spell or ability refers to "voting," it refers only to an actual vote, not to any spell or ability that involves the players making choices or decisions without using the word "vote."
701.38d. If an effect gives a player multiple votes, those votes all happen at the same time the player would otherwise have voted.
701.40c. If a card with morph is manifested, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.37e to turn a face-down permanent with morph face up or the procedure described above to turn a manifested permanent face up.
701.40d. If a card with disguise is manifested, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.168d to turn a face-down permanent with disguise face up or the procedure described above to turn a manifested permanent face up.
701.40e. If an effect instructs a player to manifest multiple cards from their library, those cards are manifested one at a time.
701.40f. If an effect instructs a player to manifest a card and a rule or effect prohibits the face-down object from entering the battlefield, that card isn't manifested. Its characteristics remain unmodified and it remains in its previous zone. If it was face up, it remains face up.
701.40h. See rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information.
701.42a. Meld is a keyword action that appears in an ability on one card in a meld pair. To meld the two cards in a meld pair, put them onto the battlefield with their back faces up and combined. The resulting permanent is a single object represented by two cards. See rule 712, "Double-Faced Cards."
701.42b. Only two cards belonging to the same meld pair can be melded. Tokens, cards that aren't meld cards, or meld cards that don't form a meld pair can't be melded.
701.42c. If an effect instructs a player to meld objects that can't be melded, they stay in their current zone. Example: A player owns and controls Midnight Scavengers and a token that's a copy of Graf Rats. At the beginning of combat, both are exiled but can't be melded. Midnight Scavengers remains exiled and the exiled token ceases to exist.
701.43b. A permanent can be exerted even if it's not tapped or has already been exerted in a turn. If you exert a permanent more than once before your next untap step, each effect causing it not to untap expires during the same untap step.
701.43c. An object that isn't on the battlefield can't be exerted.
701.44b. A permanent "explores" after the process described in rule 701.44a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.44c. If a permanent changes zones before an effect causes it to explore, its last known information is used to determine which object explored and who controlled it.
701.44d. If multiple permanents are instructed to explore at the same time, the first player in APNAP order who controls (or, in the case of a permanent no longer on the battlefield, last controlled; see rule 701.44c) one or more of those permanents chooses one of them and it explores. Then this process is repeated for each remaining instruction to explore,
701.45a. Assemble is a keyword action in the Unstable set that puts Contraptions onto the battlefield. Outside of silver-bordered cards, only one card (Steamflogger Boss) refers to assembling a Contraption. Cards and mechanics from the Unstable set aren't included in these rules. See the Unstable FAQ for more information.
701.46a. "Adapt N" means "If this permanent has no +1/+1 counters on it, put N +1/+1 counters on it."
701.47b. A player "amassed" after the process described in rule 701.47a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.47c. The phrases "the Army you amassed" and "the amassed Army" refer to the creature you chose, whether or not it received counters.
701.47d. Some older cards were printed with amass N without including a subtype. Those cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference so that they read "amass Zombies N."
701.49b. If a player is instructed to venture into the dungeon while their venture marker is in any room except a dungeon card's bottommost room, they choose an adjacent room, following the direction of an arrow pointing away from their current room. If there are multiple arrows pointing away from the room the player's venture marker is in, they choose one of them to follow. They move their venture marker to that adjacent room.
701.49d. Venture into [quality] is a variant of venture into the dungeon. If a player is instructed to "venture into [quality]" while they don't own a dungeon card in the command zone, they choose a dungeon card they own from outside the game with the indicated quality and put it into the command zone. They put their venture marker on the topmost room of that dungeon. If they already own a dungeon card in the command zone, they follow the normal procedure for venturing into the dungeon outlined in 701.49b-c.
701.50b. A permanent "connives" after the process described in rule 701.50a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.50c. If a permanent changes zones before an effect causes it to connive, its last known information is used to determine which object connived and who controlled it.
701.50d. If multiple permanents are instructed to connive at the same time, the first player in APNAP order who controls (or, in the case of a permanent no longer on the battlefield, last controlled; see rule 701.50c) one or more of those permanents chooses one of them and it connives. Then this process is repeated for each remaining instruction to connive.
701.54d. Some abilities trigger "Whenever the Ring tempts you." The Ring tempts a player whenever they complete the actions in 701.54a, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.55a. "[A player] faces a villainous choice -- [option A], or [option B]" means "[A player] chooses [option A] or [option B]. Then all actions in the chosen option are performed."
701.55b. While facing a villainous choice, a player may choose an option that is illegal or impossible. In that case, they perform as much of the action as is possible. This is an exception to rule 608.2d.
701.55c. A replacement effect may replace an instruction to face a villainous choice with an instruction to face that choice some number of additional times. In that case, the entire process described in rule 701.55a is performed for that player the appropriate number of times one at a time.
701.55d. If more than one player is instructed to face a villainous choice, the entire process described in rule 701.55a is performed for each of those players one at a time in APNAP order. This is an exception to rule 608.2e.
701.56a. To time travel means to choose any number of permanents you control with one or more time counters on them and/or suspended cards you own in exile with one or more time counters on them and, for each of those objects, put a time counter on it or remove a time counter from it. See rule 702.62, "Suspend."
701.57a. "Discover N" means "Exile cards from the top of your library until you exile a nonland card with mana value N or less. You may cast that card without paying its mana cost if the resulting spell's mana value is less than or equal to N. If you don't cast it, put that card into your hand. Put the remaining exiled cards on the bottom of your library in a random order."
701.57b. A player has "discovered" after the process described in 701.57a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.57c. If the final card exiled during the process described in rule 701.57a has mana value N or less, it is the "discovered card," regardless of whether it was cast or put into a player's hand.
701.58c. If a card with morph is cloaked, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.37e to turn a face-down permanent with morph face up or the procedure described above to turn a cloaked permanent face up.
701.58d. If a card with disguise is cloaked, its controller may turn that card face up using either the procedure described in rule 702.168d to turn a face-down permanent with disguise face up or the procedure described above to turn a cloaked permanent face up.
701.58e. If an effect instructs a player to cloak multiple cards from a single library, those cards are cloaked one at a time.
701.58f. If an effect instructs a player to cloak a card and a rule or effect prohibits the face-down object from entering the battlefield, that card isn't cloaked. Its characteristics remain unmodified and it remains in its previous zone. If it was face up, it remains face up.
701.58h. See rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information.
701.59b. If a player is given the choice to collect evidence but is unable to exile cards with total mana value N or greater from their graveyard (usually because there aren't enough cards to do so) they can't choose to collect evidence.
701.60. Suspect
701.60b. Suspected is a designation a permanent can have. Only permanents can have the suspected designation. Suspected is neither an ability nor part of the permanent's copiable values.
701.60c. A suspected permanent has menace and "This creature can't block" for as long as it's suspected.
701.60d. A suspected permanent can't become suspected again.
701.62b. An ability that triggers whenever a player manifests dread triggers after the process described in rule 701.62a is complete, even if some or all of those actions were impossible.
701.63b. If a permanent is instructed to endure 0, nothing happens. No counters are put on that permanent and no tokens are created.
702.1. Most abilities describe exactly what they do in the card's rules text. Some, though, are very common or would require too much space to define on the card. In these cases, the object lists only the name of the ability as a "keyword"; sometimes reminder text summarizes the game rule.
702.1b. An effect that grants an object a keyword ability may define a variable in that ability based on characteristics of that object or other information about the game state. For these abilities, the value of that variable is constantly reevaluated. Example: Volcano Hellion has the ability "This creature has echo {X}, where X is your life total." If your life total is 10 when Volcano Hellion's echo ability triggers but 5 when it resolves, the echo cost to pay is {5}. Example: Fire//Ice is a split card whose halves have the mana costs {1}{R} and {1}{U}. Past in Flames reads "Each instant and sorcery card in your graveyard gains flashback until end of turn. The flashback cost is equal to its mana cost." Fire//Ice has "Flashback {2}{U}{R}" while it is in your graveyard, but if you choose to cast Fire, the resulting spell has "Flashback {1}{R}."
702.2c. Any nonzero amount of combat damage assigned to a creature by a source with deathtouch is considered to be lethal damage for the purposes of determining if a proposed combat damage assignment is valid, regardless of that creature's toughness. See rules 510.1c-d.
702.2f. Multiple instances of deathtouch on the same object are redundant.
702.3c. Multiple instances of defender on the same creature are redundant.
702.4e. Multiple instances of double strike on the same creature are redundant.
702.5b. For more information about Auras, see rule 303, "Enchantments."
702.6b. For more information about Equipment, see rule 301, "Artifacts."
702.6c. Equip abilities may further restrict what creatures may be chosen as legal targets. Such restrictions usually appear in the form "Equip [quality]" or "Equip [quality] creature." These equip abilities may legally target only a creature that's controlled by the player activating the ability and that has the chosen quality. Additional restrictions for an equip ability don't restrict what the Equipment may be attached to.
702.7d. Multiple instances of first strike on the same creature are redundant.
702.8b. Multiple instances of flash on the same object are redundant.
702.9c. Multiple instances of flying on the same creature are redundant.
702.10b. If a creature has haste, it can attack even if it hasn't been controlled by its controller continuously since their most recent turn began. (See rule 302.6.)
702.10d. Multiple instances of haste on the same creature are redundant.
702.11f. "Hexproof from [quality A] and from [quality B]" is shorthand for "hexproof from [quality A]" and "hexproof from [quality B]"; it behaves as two separate hexproof abilities.
702.11g. "Hexproof from each [characteristic]" is shorthand for "hexproof from [quality A]," "hexproof from [quality B]," and so on for each possible quality the listed characteristic could have; it behaves as multiple separate hexproof abilities.
702.11h. Multiple instances of the same hexproof ability on the same permanent or player are redundant.
702.12c. Multiple instances of indestructible on the same permanent are redundant.
702.13c. Multiple instances of intimidate on the same creature are redundant.
702.14e. Multiple instances of the same kind of landwalk on the same creature are redundant.
702.15b. Damage dealt by a source with lifelink causes that source's controller, or its owner if it has no controller, to gain that much life (in addition to any other results that damage causes). See rule 120.3.
702.15f. Multiple instances of lifelink on the same object are redundant.
702.16b. A permanent or player with protection can't be targeted by spells with the stated quality and can't be targeted by abilities from a source with the stated quality.
702.16e. Any damage that would be dealt by sources that have the stated quality to a permanent or player with protection is prevented.
702.16g. "Protection from [quality A] and from [quality B]" is shorthand for "protection from [quality A]" and "protection from [quality B]"; it behaves as two separate protection abilities.
702.16h. "Protection from each [characteristic]" is shorthand for "protection from [quality A]," "protection from [quality B]," and so on for each possible quality the listed characteristic could have; it behaves as multiple separate protection abilities.
702.16m. Multiple instances of protection from the same quality on the same permanent or player are redundant.
702.16n. Some Auras both give the enchanted creature protection from a quality and say "this effect doesn't remove" either that specific Aura or all Auras. This means that the specified Auras aren't put into their owners' graveyards as a state-based action. If the creature has other instances of protection from the same quality, those instances affect Auras as normal.
702.16p. One Aura (Benevolent Blessing) gives the enchanted creature protection from a quality and says the effect doesn't remove certain permanents that are "already attached to" that creature. This means that, when the protection effect starts to apply, any objects with the stated quality that are already attached to that creature (including the Aura giving that creature protection) will not be put into their owners' graveyards as a state-based action. Other permanents with the stated quality can't become attached to the creature. If the creature has other instances of protection from the same quality, those instances affect attached permanents as normal.
702.17c. Multiple instances of reach on the same creature are redundant.
702.18b. Multiple instances of shroud on the same permanent or player are redundant.
702.19g. Multiple instances of trample on the same creature are redundant. Multiple instances of trample over planeswalkers on the same creature are redundant.
702.20c. Multiple instances of vigilance on the same creature are redundant.
702.21b. Some ward abilities include an X in their cost and state what X is equal to. This value is determined at the time the ability resolves, not locked in as the ability triggers.
702.22a. Banding is a static ability that modifies the rules for combat.
702.22b. "Bands with other" is a special form of banding. If an effect causes a permanent to lose banding, the permanent loses all "bands with other" abilities as well.
702.22c. As a player declares attackers, they may declare that one or more attacking creatures with banding and up to one attacking creature without banding (even if it has "bands with other") are all in a "band." They may also declare that one or more attacking [quality] creatures with "bands with other [quality]" and any number of other attacking [quality] creatures are all in a band. A player may declare as many attacking bands as they want, but each creature may be a member of only one of them. (Defending players can't declare bands but may use banding in a different way; see rule 702.22j.)
702.22e. Once an attacking band has been announced, it lasts for the rest of combat, even if something later removes banding or "bands with other" from one or more of the creatures in the band.
702.22i. If one member of a band would become blocked due to an effect, the entire band becomes blocked.
702.22m. Multiple instances of banding on the same creature are redundant. Multiple instances of "bands with other" of the same kind on the same creature are redundant.
702.23b. The rampage bonus is calculated only once per combat, when the triggered ability resolves. Adding or removing blockers later in combat won't change the bonus.
702.23c. If a creature has multiple instances of rampage, each triggers separately.
702.25b. If a creature has multiple instances of flanking, each triggers separately.
702.26c. If a permanent phases in, its status changes to "phased in." The game once again treats it as though it exists.
702.26f. Continuous effects that affect a phased-out permanent may expire while that permanent is phased out. If so, they will no longer affect that permanent once it's phased in. In particular, effects with "for as long as" durations that track that permanent (see rule 611.2b) end when that permanent phases out because they can no longer see it.
702.26h. If an object would simultaneously phase out directly and indirectly, it just phases out indirectly.
702.26k. Phased-out permanents owned by a player who leaves the game also leave the game. This doesn't cause zone-change abilities to trigger. See rule 800.4.
702.26n. In a multiplayer game, game rules may cause a phased-out permanent to leave the game or to be exiled once a player leaves the game. (See rules 800.4a and 800.4c.) If a phased-out permanent phased out under the control of a player who has left the game, that permanent phases in during the next untap step after that player's next turn would have begun.
702.26p. Multiple instances of phasing on the same permanent are redundant.
702.28c. Multiple instances of shadow on the same creature are redundant.
702.29b. Although the cycling ability can be activated only if the card is in a player's hand, it continues to exist while the object is on the battlefield and in all other zones. Therefore objects with cycling will be affected by effects that depend on objects having one or more activated abilities.
702.30b. Urza block cards with the echo ability were printed without an echo cost. These cards have been given errata in the Oracle card reference; each one now has an echo cost equal to its mana cost.
702.31c. Multiple instances of horsemanship on the same creature are redundant.
702.33b. The phrase "Kicker [cost 1] and/or [cost 2]" means the same thing as "Kicker [cost 1], kicker [cost 2]."
702.33f. Objects with more than one kicker cost may also have abilities that each correspond to a specific kicker cost. Those abilities contain the phrases "if it was kicked with its [A] kicker" and "if it was kicked with its [B] kicker," where A and B are the first and second kicker costs listed on the card, respectively. Each of those abilities is linked to the appropriate kicker ability.
702.35a. Madness is a keyword that represents two abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the card with madness is in a player's hand. The second is a triggered ability that functions when the first ability is applied. "Madness [cost]" means "If a player would discard this card, that player discards it, but exiles it instead of putting it into their graveyard" and "When this card is exiled this way, its owner may cast it by paying [cost] rather than paying its mana cost. If that player doesn't, they put this card into their graveyard."
702.36c. Multiple instances of fear on the same creature are redundant.
702.37f. If a permanent's morph cost includes X, other abilities of that permanent may also refer to X. The value of X in those abilities is equal to the value of X chosen as the morph special action was taken.
702.37g. See rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," for more information about how to cast cards with a morph ability.
702.38b. If a creature has multiple instances of amplify, each one works separately.
702.39b. If a creature has multiple instances of provoke, each triggers separately.
702.40b. If a spell has multiple instances of storm, each triggers separately.
702.41b. If a spell has multiple instances of affinity, each of them applies.
702.42b. If the entwine cost was paid, follow the text of each of the modes in the order written on the card when the spell resolves.
702.43b. If a creature has multiple instances of modular, each one works separately.
702.44d. If an object has multiple instances of sunburst, each one works separately.
702.45b. If a creature has multiple instances of bushido, each triggers separately.
702.46b. If a permanent has multiple instances of soulshift, each triggers separately.
702.47b. You can't choose to use a splice ability if you can't make the required choices (targets, etc.) for that card's rules text. You can't splice any one card onto the same spell more than once. If you're splicing more than one card onto a spell, reveal them all at once and choose the order in which their effects will happen. The effects of the main spell must happen first.
702.47d. Choose targets for the added text normally (see rule 601.2c). Note that a spell with one or more targets won't resolve if all of its targets are illegal on resolution.
702.47e. The spell loses any splice changes once it leaves the stack for any reason.
702.49b. The card with ninjutsu remains revealed from the time the ability is announced until the ability leaves the stack.
702.51d. Multiple instances of convoke on the same spell are redundant.
702.52b. A player with fewer cards in their library than the number required by a dredge ability can't mill any of them this way.
702.54c. If an object has multiple instances of bloodthirst, each applies separately.
702.56b. If a spell has multiple instances of replicate, each is paid separately and triggers based on the payments made for it, not any other instance of replicate.
702.58b. If a permanent has multiple instances of graft, each one works separately.
702.60b. If a spell has multiple instances of ripple, each triggers separately.
702.61c. Multiple instances of split second on the same spell are redundant.
702.62a. Suspend is a keyword that represents three abilities. The first is a static ability that functions while the card with suspend is in a player's hand. The second and third are triggered abilities that function in the exile zone. "Suspend N--[cost]" means "If you could begin to cast this card by putting it onto the stack from your hand, you may pay [cost] and exile it with N time counters on it. This action doesn't use the stack," and "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this card is suspended, remove a time counter from it," and "When the last time counter is removed from this card, if it's exiled, you may play it without paying its mana cost if able. If you don't, it remains exiled. If you cast a creature spell this way, it gains haste until you lose control of the spell or the permanent it becomes."
702.62b. A card is "suspended" if it's in the exile zone, has suspend, and has a time counter on it.
702.62c. While determining if you could begin to cast a card with suspend, take into consideration any effects that would prohibit that card from being cast.
702.63b. Vanishing without a number means "At the beginning of your upkeep, if this permanent has a time counter on it, remove a time counter from it" and "When the last time counter is removed from this permanent, sacrifice it."
702.63c. If a permanent has multiple instances of vanishing, each works separately.
702.64b. Each absorb ability can prevent only N damage from any one source at any one time. It will apply separately to damage from other sources, or to damage dealt by the same source at a different time.
702.64c. If an object has multiple instances of absorb, each applies separately.
702.66c. Multiple instances of delve on the same spell are redundant.
702.68b. If a creature has multiple instances of frenzy, each triggers separately.
702.69b. If a spell has multiple instances of gravestorm, each triggers separately.
702.70b. If a creature has multiple instances of poisonous, each triggers separately.
702.75b. Previously, the rules for the hideaway ability caused the permanent to enter the battlefield tapped, and the number of cards the player looked at was fixed at four. Cards printed before this rules change had the printed text "Hideaway" with no numeral after the word. Those older cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to have "Hideaway 4" and the additional ability "[This permanent] enters tapped."
702.78b. If a spell has multiple instances of conspire, each is paid separately and triggers based on its own payment, not any other instance of conspire.
702.80d. Multiple instances of wither on the same object are redundant.
702.82b. Some objects have abilities that refer to the number of creatures the permanent devoured. "It devoured" means "sacrificed as a result of its devour ability as it entered the battlefield."
702.83b. A creature "attacks alone" if it's the only creature declared as an attacker in a given combat phase. See rule 506.5.
702.85b. If an effect allows a player to take an action with one or more of the exiled cards "as you cascade," the player may take that action after they have finished exiling cards due to the cascade ability. This action is taken before choosing whether to cast the last exiled card or, if no appropriate card was exiled, before putting the exiled cards on the bottom of their library in a random order.
702.85c. If a spell has multiple instances of cascade, each triggers separately.
702.86b. If a creature has multiple instances of annihilator, each triggers separately.
702.88c. Multiple instances of rebound on the same spell are redundant.
702.89b. Some older cards were printed with the ability "totem armor" or referenced that ability. The text of these cards has been updated in the Oracle card reference to refer to umbra armor instead.
702.90b. Damage dealt to a player by a source with infect doesn't cause that player to lose life. Rather, it causes that source's controller to give the player that many poison counters. See rule 120.3.
702.90c. Damage dealt to a creature by a source with infect isn't marked on that creature. Rather, it causes that source's controller to put that many -1/-1 counters on that creature. See rule 120.3.
702.90f. Multiple instances of infect on the same object are redundant.
702.91b. If a creature has multiple instances of battle cry, each triggers separately.
702.98a. Unleash is a keyword that represents two static abilities. "Unleash" means "You may have this permanent enter with an additional +1/+1 counter on it" and "This permanent can't block as long as it has a +1/+1 counter on it."
702.99b. The term "encoded" describes the relationship between the card with cipher while in the exile zone and the creature chosen when the spell represented by that card resolves.
702.100b. A creature "evolves" when one or more +1/+1 counters are put on it as a result of its evolve ability resolving.
702.100d. If a creature has multiple instances of evolve, each triggers separately.
702.101b. If a permanent has multiple instances of extort, each triggers separately.
702.102. Fuse
702.102d. As a fused split spell resolves, the controller of the spell follows the instructions of the left half and then follows the instructions of the right half.
702.103c. If a bestowed Aura spell is copied, the copy is also a bestowed Aura spell. Any rule that refers to a spell cast bestowed applies to the copy as well.
702.103e. As a bestowed Aura spell begins resolving, if its target is illegal, it ceases to be bestowed and the effect making it an Aura spell ends. It continues resolving as a creature spell. See rule 608.3b.
702.103f. If a bestowed Aura becomes unattached, it ceases to be bestowed. If a bestowed Aura is attached to an illegal object or player, it becomes unattached and ceases to be bestowed. This is an exception to rule 704.5m.
702.103g. If a bestowed Aura phases in unattached, it ceases to be bestowed. See rule 702.26, "Phasing."
702.105b. If a creature has multiple instances of dethrone, each triggers separately.
702.106b. To secretly choose a card name, note that name on a piece of paper kept with the face-down conspiracy card.
702.106e. If a player leaves the game, all face-down conspiracy cards controlled by that player must be revealed to all players. At the end of each game, all face-down conspiracy cards must be revealed to all players.
702.108b. If a creature has multiple instances of prowess, each triggers separately.
702.109. Dash
702.111c. Multiple instances of menace on the same creature are redundant.
702.115b. If a creature has multiple instances of ingest, each triggers separately.
702.116b. If a creature has multiple instances of myriad, each triggers separately.
702.118c. Multiple instances of skulk on the same creature are redundant.
702.121b. If a creature has multiple instances of melee, each triggers separately.
702.122. Crew
702.123b. If a permanent has multiple instances of fabricate, each triggers separately.
702.124d. Except for determining the color identity of your commander, the two commanders function independently. When casting a commander with partner, ignore how many times your other commander has been cast (see rule 903.8). When determining whether a player has been dealt 21 or more combat damage by the same commander, consider damage from each of your two commanders separately (see rule 903.10a).
702.124e. If an effect refers to your commander while you have two commanders, it refers to either one. If an effect causes you to perform an action on your commander and it could affect both, you choose which it refers to at the time the effect is applied.
702.124f. Different partner abilities are distinct from one another and cannot be combined. For example, you cannot designate two cards as your commander if one of them has "partner" and the other has "partner with [name]."
702.125b. Players who have left the game are not counted when determining how many opponents you have.
702.125c. If a spell has multiple instances of undaunted, each of them applies.
702.126c. Multiple instances of improvise on the same spell are redundant.
702.128b. A token is "embalmed" if it's created by a resolving embalm ability.
702.130b. If a creature has multiple instances of afflict, each triggers separately.
702.131c. The city's blessing is a designation that has no rules meaning other than to act as a marker that other rules and effects can identify. Any number of players may have the city's blessing at the same time.
702.134b. If a creature has multiple instances of mentor, each triggers separately.
702.135b. If a permanent has multiple instances of afterlife, each triggers separately.
702.136. Riot
702.136b. If a permanent has multiple instances of riot, each works separately.
702.139c. Once you take the special action and put the card with companion into your hand, it remains in the game until the game ends.
702.140e. A mutated permanent has all abilities of each card and token that represents it. Its other characteristics are derived from the topmost card or token.
702.140f. Any effect that refers to or modifies the mutating creature spell refers to or modifies the mutated permanent it merges with as it resolves.
702.143a. Foretell is a keyword that functions while the card with foretell is in a player's hand. Any time a player has priority during their turn, that player may pay {2} and exile a card with foretell from their hand face down. That player may look at that card as long as it remains in exile. They may cast that card after the current turn has ended by paying any foretell cost it has rather than paying that spell's mana cost. Casting a spell this way follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f-h.
702.143e. If a player owns multiple foretold cards in exile, they must ensure that those cards can be easily differentiated from each other and from any other face-down cards in exile which that player owns. This includes knowing both the order in which those cards were put into exile and any foretell costs other than their printed foretell costs those cards may have.
702.143f. If a player leaves the game, all face-down foretold cards that player owns must be revealed to all players. At the end of each game, all face-down foretold cards must be revealed to all players.
702.148a. Cleave is a keyword that represents two static abilities that function while a spell with cleave is on the stack. "Cleave [cost]" means "You may cast this spell by paying [cost] rather than paying its mana cost" and "If this spell's cleave cost was paid, change its text by removing all text found within square brackets in the spell's rules text." Casting a spell for its cleave cost follows the rules for paying alternative costs in rules 601.2b and 601.2f-h.
702.149b. If a creature has multiple instances of training, each triggers separately.
702.152b. If a spell has multiple instances of blitz, only one may be used to cast that spell. If a permanent has multiple instances of blitz, each one refers only to payments made for that blitz ability as the spell was cast, not to any payments made for other instances of blitz.
702.153b. If a spell has multiple instances of casualty, each is paid separately and triggers based on the payments made for it, not any other instance of casualty.
702.154d. Multiple instances of enlist on a single creature function independently. The triggered ability represented by each instance of enlist triggers only once and only for the cost associated with that enlist ability.
702.155a. Read ahead is a keyword found on some Saga cards. "Read ahead" means "Chapter abilities of this Saga can't trigger the turn it entered the battlefield unless it has exactly the number of lore counters on it specified in the chapter symbol of that ability." See rule 714, "Saga Cards."
702.155c. Multiple instances of read ahead on the same object are redundant.
702.157b. If a spell has multiple instances of squad, each is paid separately. If a permanent has multiple instances of squad, each triggers based on the payments made for that squad ability as it was cast, not based on payments for any other instance of squad.
702.158b. A sector designation is a designation a permanent can have. The sector designations are alpha sector, beta sector, and gamma sector. Only permanents can have a sector designation. Once a permanent gets a sector designation, it keeps it until no player controls a permanent with space sculptor or an ability whose source has space sculptor. A sector designation is not part of the permanent's copiable values.
702.158d. Some abilities include an instruction to choose a sector along with an instruction to perform an action on each creature in that sector. To do this, choose one of the three sector designations, then perform that action on each creature with that sector designation.
702.158e. Two permanents are in the same sector if each has the same sector designation.
702.159b. Some Attractions instruct a player to "claim the prize," followed by a second paragraph that starts with the word "Prize" and a long dash. This text is part of its visit ability. To claim the prize of an Attraction, perform the actions listed after the long dash.
702.163. For Mirrodin!
702.164a. Toxic is a static ability. It is written "toxic N," where N is a number.
702.164b. Some rules and effects refer to a creature's "total toxic value." A creature's total toxic value is the sum of all N values of toxic abilities that creature has. Example: If a creature with toxic 2 gains toxic 1 due to another effect, its total toxic value is 3.
702.166b. If a spell's controller declares the intention to pay that spell's bargain cost, that spell has been "bargained." See rule 601.2b.
702.166c. Objects with bargain have additional abilities that specify what happens if they were bargained. These abilities are linked to the bargain ability printed on that object: they can refer only to that specific bargain ability. See rule 607, "Linked Abilities."
702.166d. If part of a spell's ability has its effect only if that spell was bargained and that part of the ability includes any targets, the spell's controller chooses those targets only if that spell was bargained. Otherwise, the spell is cast as if it did not have those targets. See rule 601.2c.
702.167b. If an object in the [materials] of a craft ability is described using only a card type or subtype without the word "card," it refers to either a permanent on the battlefield that is that type or subtype or a card in a graveyard that is that type or subtype. This is an exception to rule 109.2.
702.170. Plot
702.170e. If an effect refers to plotting a card, it means performing the special action associated with a plot ability.
702.170f. An effect may allow the plot ability of a card to function in a zone other than a player's hand. In that case, the card is exiled from the zone it is in as the action is taken rather than from its owner's hand.
702.172b. Cards with the spree ability have a plus sign icon in the upper right corner of the card, and use a plus sign (+) rather than traditional cullet points. These symbols are a visual reminder that this card requires an additional cost to be cast, and do not have additional rules meaning..
702.174. Gift
702.174i. "Gift an Octopus" means the effect is "The chosen player creates an 8/8 blue Octopus creature token."
702.174j. For instant and sorcery spells, the effect of a gift ability always happens before any other spell abilities of the card. If the spell is countered or otherwise leaves the stack before resolving, the gift effect doesn't happen.
702.174m. If part of a spell's ability has its effect only if its gift was promised, and that part of the ability includes any targets, the spell's controller chooses those targets only if the gift was promised.
702.175b. If a spell has multiple instances of offspring, each is paid separately and triggers based on the payments made for it, not any other instances of offspring.
702.177b. An effect may allow you to take an action as long as you haven't activated an exhaust ability this turn. Such an effect allows that action only if you haven't begun to activate an exhaust ability this turn. Example: Elvish Refueler has an exhaust ability that costs mana and also has an ability that reads "During your turn, as long as you haven't activated an exhaust ability this turn, you may activate exhaust abilities as though they haven't been activated." Loot, the Pathfinder has an exhaust ability that is also a mana ability. If you've already activated both of these abilities in a previous turn, you can't activate Loot's mana ability during the process of activating Elvish Refueler's exhaust ability, because you have already begun to activate a different exhaust ability.
702.179. Start Your Engines!
702.179b. Players do not have speed until a rule or effect sets their speed to a specific value.
702.179c. If a player has no speed and they are instructed to increase their speed by a certain value, their speed becomes that value.
702.179d. There is an inherent triggered ability associated with a player having 1 or more speed. This ability has no source and is controlled by that player. That ability is "Whenever one or more opponents lose life during your turn, if your speed is less than 4, your speed increases by 1. This ability triggers only once each turn."
702.179f. Some effects refer to a player's speed. If that player has no speed, their speed is 0 for the purpose of an effect that refers to speed.
703.4b. Immediately after the phasing action has been completed during the untap step, if the game has either the day or night designation, it checks to see whether that designation should change. If it's neither day nor night, this check doesn't happen. See rule 502.2.
703.4c. Immediately after the game checks to see if its day or night designation should change during the untap step or, if the game doesn't have a day or night designation, immediately after the phasing action has been completed during the untap step, the active player determines which permanents they control will untap. Then they untap them all simultaneously. See rule 502.3.
703.4n. Immediately after the cleanup step begins, if the active player's hand contains more cards than their maximum hand size (normally seven), they discard enough cards to reduce their hand size to that number. See rule 514.1.
703.4p. Immediately after the active player has discarded cards (if necessary) during the cleanup step, all damage is removed from permanents and all "until end of turn" and "this turn" effects end. These actions happen simultaneously. See rule 514.2.
703.4q. When each step or phase ends, any unused mana left in a player's mana pool empties. See rule 500.4.
704.1. State-based actions are game actions that happen automatically whenever certain conditions (listed below) are met. State-based actions don't use the stack.
704.2. State-based actions are checked throughout the game and are not controlled by any player.
704.3. Whenever a player would get priority (see rule 117, "Timing and Priority"), the game checks for any of the listed conditions for state-based actions, then performs all applicable state-based actions simultaneously as a single event. If any state-based actions are performed as a result of a check, the check is repeated; otherwise all triggered abilities that are waiting to be put on the stack are put on the stack, then the check is repeated. Once no more state-based actions have been performed as the result of a check and no triggered abilities are waiting to be put on the stack, the appropriate player gets priority. This process also occurs during the cleanup step (see rule 514), except that if no state-based actions are performed as the result of the step's first check and no triggered abilities are waiting to be put on the stack, then no player gets priority and the step ends.
704.5a. If a player has 0 or less life, that player loses the game.
704.5b. If a player attempted to draw a card from a library with no cards in it since the last time state-based actions were checked, that player loses the game.
704.5c. If a player has ten or more poison counters, that player loses the game. Ignore this rule in Two-Headed Giant games; see rule 704.6b instead.
704.5d. If a token is in a zone other than the battlefield, it ceases to exist.
704.5e. If a copy of a spell is in a zone other than the stack, it ceases to exist. If a copy of a card is in any zone other than the stack or the battlefield, it ceases to exist.
704.5f. If a creature has toughness 0 or less, it's put into its owner's graveyard. Regeneration can't replace this event.
704.5g. If a creature has toughness greater than 0, it has damage marked on it, and the total damage marked on it is greater than or equal to its toughness, that creature has been dealt lethal damage and is destroyed. Regeneration can replace this event.
704.5h. If a creature has toughness greater than 0, and it's been dealt damage by a source with deathtouch since the last time state-based actions were checked, that creature is destroyed. Regeneration can replace this event.
704.5j. If two or more legendary permanents with the same name are controlled by the same player, that player chooses one of them, and the rest are put into their owners' graveyards. This is called the "legend rule."
704.5k. If two or more permanents have the supertype world, all except the one that has had the world supertype for the shortest amount of time are put into their owners' graveyards. In the event of a tie for the shortest amount of time, all are put into their owners' graveyards. This is called the "world rule."
704.5m. If an Aura is attached to an illegal object or player, or is not attached to an object or player, that Aura is put into its owner's graveyard.
704.5q. If a permanent has both a +1/+1 counter and a -1/-1 counter on it, N +1/+1 and N -1/-1 counters are removed from it, where N is the smaller of the number of +1/+1 and -1/-1 counters on it.
704.5r. If a permanent with an ability that says it can't have more than N counters of a certain kind on it has more than N counters of that kind on it, all but N of those counters are removed from it.
704.5s. If the number of lore counters on a Saga permanent with one or more chapter abilities is greater than or equal to its final chapter number and it isn't the source of a chapter ability that has triggered but not yet left the stack, that Saga's controller sacrifices it. See rule 714, "Saga Cards."
704.5y. If a permanent has more than one Role controlled by the same player attached to it, each of those Roles except the one with the most recent timestamp is put into its owner's graveyard.
704.6. Some variant games include additional state-based actions that aren't normally applicable:
704.6a. In a Two-Headed Giant game, if a team has 0 or less life, that team loses the game. See rule 810, "Two-Headed Giant Variant."
704.6c. In a Commander game, a player who's been dealt 21 or more combat damage by the same commander over the course of the game loses the game. See rule 903, "Commander."
705.1. Some cards refer to flipping a coin. A coin used in a flip must be a two-sided object with easily distinguished sides and equal likelihood that either side lands face up. If the coin that's being flipped doesn't have an obvious "heads" or "tails," designate one side to be "heads," and the other side to be "tails." Other methods of randomization may be substituted for flipping a coin as long as there are two possible outcomes of equal likelihood and all players agree to the substitution. For example, the player may roll an even-sided die and call "odds" or "evens," or roll an even-sided die and designate that "odds" means "heads" and "evens" means "tails."
705.2. Some effects that instruct a player to flip a coin care only about whether the coin comes up heads or tails. No player wins or loses a coin flip for this kind of effect. For all other effects that instruct a player to flip a coin, the player that flips the coin calls "heads" or "tails." If the call matches the result, the player wins the flip. Otherwise, the player loses the flip. Only the player who flips the coin wins or loses the flip; no other players are involved.
705.3. An effect may state that a coin flip has a certain result and/or that a certain player wins a coin flip. In that case, ignore the actual results of that flip and use the indicated results instead. This can cause a player to win a flip that couldn't otherwise be won.
706. Rolling a Die
706.1. An effect that instructs a player to roll a die will specify what kind of die to roll and how many of those dice to roll.
706.1a. Such an effect may refer to an "N-sided die," "N-sided dice," or one or more "dN," where N is a positive integer. In those cases, the die must have N equally likely outcomes, numbered from 1 to N. For example, a d20 is a twenty-sided die with possible outcomes from 1 to 20.
706.1b. Players may agree to use an alternate method for rolling a die, including a digital substitute, as long as the method used has the same number of equally likely outcomes as the die specified in the instruction.
706.2. After the roll, the number indicated on the top face of the die before any modifiers is the natural result. The instruction may include modifiers to the roll which add to or subtract from the natural result. Modifiers may also come from other sources. After considering all applicable modifiers, the final number is the result of the die roll.
706.2a. Modifiers may be optional and/or have associated costs. If a modifier has an associated mana cost, the player who rolled has the chance to activate mana abilities before applying it.
706.2b. If two or more effects are attempting to modify the natural result, the player who rolled chooses one to apply, following these steps: First, consider any effects that modify the result of a die roll by rerolling that die. Second, consider any effects that modify the result of a die roll by increasing or decreasing that result by a specified amount.
706.3. Some abilities that instruct a player to roll one or more dice include a results table.
706.3a. The results table appears as a list or as a chart with multiple striations. Each list item or striation includes possible results and an effect associated with those results. The possible results indicated could be a single number, a range of numbers with two endpoints in the form "N1-N2," or a range with a single endpoint in the form "N+." Each one means "If the result was in this range, [effect]." After a die roll, use the result to determine which effect listed on the results table happens, if any.
706.3b. An instruction to roll one or more dice, any instructions to modify that roll printed in the same paragraph, any additional instructions based on the result of the roll, and the associated results table are all part of one ability.
706.3c. Some effects in results charts include the text "Roll again." This additional roll uses the same kind of and number of dice originally called for, including any applicable modifiers.
706.4. Some abilities that instruct a player to roll one or more dice do not include a results table. The text of those abilities will indicate how to use the results of the die rolls, if at all.
706.5. One card (Celebr-8000) has an ability that instructs a player to roll two dice and has an additional effect if that player "rolled doubles." A player has rolled doubles if the result of each of those rolls is equal to the other.
706.6. If a player is instructed to ignore a roll, that roll is considered to have never happened. No abilities trigger because of the ignored roll, and no effects apply to that roll. If that player was instructed to ignore the lowest roll and multiple results are tied for the lowest, the player chooses one of those rolls to be ignored.
706.7. In a Planechase game, rolling the planar die will cause any ability that triggers whenever a player rolls one or more dice to trigger. However, any effect that refers to a numerical result of a die roll, including ones that exchange the results of that roll with another value or compare the results of that roll to other rolls or to a given number, ignores the rolling of the planar die. See rule 901, "Planechase."
706.8. One card (Centaur of Attention) has an ability that instructs a player to roll dice and "store" those results on it and another ability that allows a player to reroll any number of those results.
706.8a. To store the result of a die roll on a permanent means to note both the kind of die rolled and the result of that roll. That noted information is considered a "stored result" of that permanent, and the result is the "value" of that stored result.
706.8b. To reroll one or more stored results of a permanent, roll one of the kind of die noted for each of them. If one kind of die is noted for more than one of those results, roll that many of that kind of die. The results you rerolled stop being stored results, and you store the results of each of the new die rolls on that permanent.
706.8c. If a permanent has an ability that stores results on it and another ability that refers to the stored results, those abilities are linked. (See rule 607.2e.)
707.1. Some objects become or turn another object into a "copy" of a spell, permanent, or card. Some effects create a token that's a copy of another object. (Certain older cards were printed with the phrase "search for a copy." This section doesn't cover those cards, which have received new text in the Oracle card reference.)
707.2a. A copy acquires the color of the object it's copying because that value is derived from its mana cost or color indicator. A copy acquires the abilities of the object it's copying because those values are derived from its rules text. A copy doesn't wind up with two values of each ability (that is, it doesn't copy the object's abilities and its rules text, then have that rules text define a new set of abilities).
707.2b. Once an object has been copied, changing the copiable values of the original object won't cause the copy to change.
707.4. Some effects cause a permanent that's copying a permanent to copy a different object while remaining on the battlefield. The change doesn't cause enters-the-battlefield or leaves-the-battlefield abilities to trigger. This also doesn't change any noncopy effects presently affecting the permanent. Example: Unstable Shapeshifter reads, "Whenever another creature enters, this creature becomes a copy of that creature, except it has this ability." It's affected by Giant Growth, which reads "Target creature gets +3/+3 until end of turn." If a creature enters the battlefield later this turn, Unstable Shapeshifter will become a copy of that creature, but it will still get +3/+3 from the Giant Growth.
707.6. When copying a permanent, any choices that have been made for that permanent aren't copied. Instead, if an object enters the battlefield as a copy of another permanent, the object's controller will get to make any "as [this] enters the battlefield" choices for it. Example: A Clone enters the battlefield as a copy of Adaptive Automaton. Adaptive Automaton reads, in part, "As this creature enters, choose a creature type." The Clone won't copy the creature type choice of the Automaton; rather, the controller of the Clone will get to make a new choice.
707.7. If a pair of linked abilities are copied, those abilities will be similarly linked to one another on the object that copied them. One ability refers only to actions that were taken or objects that were affected by the other. They can't be linked to any other ability, regardless of what other abilities the copy may currently have or may have had in the past. See rule 607, "Linked Abilities."
707.9. Copy effects may include modifications or exceptions to the copying process.
707.9a. Some copy effects cause the copy to gain an ability as part of the copying process. This ability becomes part of the copiable values for the copy, along with any other abilities that were copied. Example: Quirion Elves enters the battlefield and an Unstable Shapeshifter copies it. The copiable values of the Shapeshifter now match those of the Elves, except that the Shapeshifter also has the ability "Whenever another creature enters, this creature becomes a copy of that creature, except it has this ability." Then a Clone enters the battlefield as a copy of the Unstable Shapeshifter. The Clone copies the new copiable values of the Shapeshifter, including the ability that the Shapeshifter gave itself when it copied the Elves.
707.9c. Some copy effects specifically state that they don't copy certain characteristics and the affected objects instead retain their original values. Copy effects may also simply state that certain characteristics are not copied.
707.9e. Some replacement effects that generate copy effects include an exception that's an additional effect rather than a modification of the affected object's characteristics. If another copy effect is applied to that object after applying the copy effect with that exception, the exception's effect doesn't happen. Example: Altered Ego reads, "You may have this creature enter as a copy of any creature on the battlefield, except it enters with X additional +1/+1 counters on it." You choose for it to enter the battlefield as a copy of Clone, which reads "You may have this creature enter as a copy of any creature on the battlefield," for which no creature was chosen as it entered the battlefield. If you then choose a creature to copy as you apply the replacement effect Altered Ego gains by copying Clone, Altered Ego's replacement effect won't cause it to enter the battlefield with any +1/+1 counters on it.
707.9f. Some exceptions to the copying process apply only if the copy is or has certain characteristics. To determine whether such an exception applies, consider what the resulting permanent's characteristics would be if the copy effect were applied without that exception, taking into account any other exceptions that effect includes. Example: Moritte of the Frost says, in part, "You may have Moritte enter as a copy of a permanent you control, except it's legendary and snow in addition to its other types and, if it's a creature, it enters with two additional +1/+1 counters on it and it has changeling." Moritte of the Frost copies a land that has become a creature until end of turn. It would enter as a noncreature permanent, so it won't enter with two additional +1+1 counters on it and it won't have changeling, even if it becomes a creature later in the turn.
707.10. To copy a spell, activated ability, or triggered ability means to put a copy of it onto the stack; a copy of a spell isn't cast and a copy of an activated ability isn't activated. A copy of a spell or ability copies both the characteristics of the spell or ability and all decisions made for it, including modes, targets, the value of X, and additional or alternative costs. (See rule 601, "Casting Spells.") Choices that are normally made on resolution are not copied. If an effect of the copy refers to objects used to pay its costs, it uses the objects used to pay the costs of the original spell or ability. A copy of a spell is owned by the player under whose control it was put on the stack. A copy of a spell or ability is controlled by the player under whose control it was put on the stack. A copy of a spell is itself a spell, even though it has no spell card associated with it. A copy of an ability is itself an ability. Example: A player casts Fork, targeting an Emerald Charm. Fork reads, "Copy target instant or sorcery spell, except that the copy is red. You may choose new targets for the copy." Emerald Charm is a modal green instant. When the Fork resolves, it puts a copy of the Emerald Charm on the stack except the copy is red, not green. The copy has the same mode that was chosen for the original Emerald Charm. It does not necessarily have the same target, but only because Fork allows choosing of new targets. Example: Fling is an instant that reads, "As an additional cost to cast this spell, sacrifice a creature" and "Fling deals damage equal to the sacrificed creature's power to any target." When determining how much damage a copy of Fling deals, it checks the power of the creature sacrificed to pay for the original Fling. Example: Dawnglow Infusion is a sorcery that reads, "You gain X life if {G} was spent to cast this spell and X life if {W} was spent to cast it." Because mana isn't an object, a copy of Dawnglow Infusion won't cause you to gain any life, no matter what mana was spent to cast the original spell.
707.10a. If a copy of a spell is in a zone other than the stack, it ceases to exist. If a copy of a card is in any zone other than the stack or the battlefield, it ceases to exist. These are state-based actions. See rule 704.
707.10b. A copy of an ability has the same source as the original ability. If the ability refers to its source by name, the copy refers to that same object and not to any other object with the same name. The copy is considered to be the same ability by effects that count how many times that ability has resolved during the turn.
707.10c. Some effects copy a spell or ability and state that its controller may choose new targets for the copy. The player may leave any number of the targets unchanged, even if those targets would be illegal. If the player chooses to change some or all of the targets, the new targets must be legal. Once the player has decided what the copy's targets will be, the copy is put onto the stack with those targets.
707.10g. If an effect creates a copy of a transforming permanent spell, the copy is also a transforming permanent spell that has both a front face and a back face. The characteristics of its front and back face are determined by the copiable values of the same face of the spell it is a copy of, as modified by any other copy effects. If the spell it is a copy of has its back face up, the copy is created with its back face up. The token that's put onto the battlefield as that spell resolves is a transforming token.
707.11. If an effect refers to a permanent by name, the effect still tracks that permanent even if it changes names or becomes a copy of something else. Example: An Unstable Shapeshifter copies an Olivia Voldaren. Olivia Voldaren reads, "{1}{R}: Olivia Voldaren deals 1 damage to another target creature. That creature becomes a Vampire in addition to its other types. Put a +1/+1 counter on Olivia Voldaren." If this ability of the Shapeshifter is activated, the Shapeshifter will deal 1 damage and you will put a +1/+1 counter on it, even if it's no longer a copy of Olivia Voldaren at that time.
707.12. An effect that instructs a player to cast a copy of an object (and not just copy a spell) follows the rules for casting spells, except that the copy is created in the same zone the object is in and then cast while another spell or ability is resolving. Casting a copy of an object follows steps 601.2a-h of rule 601, "Casting Spells," and then the copy becomes cast. Once cast, the copy is a spell on the stack, and just like any other spell it can resolve or be countered.
707.13. One card (Garth One-Eye) instructs a player to create a copy of a card defined by name rather than by indicating an object to be copied. To do so, the player uses the Oracle card reference to determine the characteristics of the copy and creates the copy outside of the game.
707.14. One card (Magar of the Magic Strings) instructs a player to note the name of a particular card in a graveyard and create a copy of the card with the noted name. To do so, use the characteristics of that card as it last existed in the graveyard to determine the copiable values of the copy. (See rule 608.2h.)
708.2b. A face-down permanent can't be turned face-down. If a spell or ability attempts to turn a face-down permanent face down, nothing happens and that effect doesn't change any of its characteristics or their copiable values.
708.6. If you control multiple face-down spells or face-down permanents, you must ensure at all times that your face-down spells and permanents can be easily differentiated from each other. This includes, but is not limited to, knowing what ability or rules caused the permanents to be face down, the order spells were cast, the order that face-down permanents entered the battlefield, which creature(s) attacked last turn, and any other differences between face-down spells or permanents. Common methods for distinguishing between face-down objects include using counters or dice to mark the different objects, or clearly placing those objects in order on the table.
708.9. If a face-down permanent or a face-down component of a merged permanent moves from the battlefield to any other zone, its owner must reveal it to all players as they move it. If a face-down spell moves from the stack to any zone other than the battlefield, its owner must reveal it to all players as they move it. If a player leaves the game, all face-down permanents, face-down components of merged permanents, and face-down spells owned by that player must be revealed to all players. At the end of each game, all face-down permanents, face-down components of merged permanents, and face-down spells must be revealed to all players.
708.11. If a face-down permanent would have an "As [this permanent] is turned face up . . ." ability after it's turned face up, that ability is applied while that permanent is being turned face up, not afterward.
709.1. Split cards have two card faces on a single card. The back of a split card is the normal Magic card back.
709.2. Although split cards have two castable halves, each split card is only one card. For example, a player who has drawn or discarded a split card has drawn or discarded one card, not two.
709.3. A player chooses which half of a split card they are casting before putting it onto the stack.
709.3a. Only the chosen half is evaluated to see if it can be cast. Only that half is considered to be put onto the stack.
709.3b. While on the stack, only the characteristics of the half being cast exist. The other half's characteristics are treated as though they didn't exist.
709.3c. An effect may create a copy of a split card and allow a player to cast the copy. That copy retains the characteristics of the two halves separated into the same two halves as the original card. (See rule 707.12.)
709.4. In every zone except the stack, the characteristics of a split card are those of its two halves combined.
709.4a. Each split card has two names. If an effect instructs a player to choose a card name and the player wants to choose a split card's name, the player must choose one of those names and not both. An object has the chosen name if one of its names is the chosen name.
709.4b. The mana cost of a split card is the combined mana costs of its two halves. A split card's colors and mana value are determined from its combined mana cost. An effect that refers specifically to the symbols in a split card's mana cost sees the separate symbols rather than the whole mana cost. Example: Assault//Battery's mana cost is {3}{R}{G}. It's a red and green card with a mana value of 5. If you cast Assault, the resulting spell is a red spell with a mana value of 1. Example: Fire//Ice's mana cost is {2}{U}{R}. It has the same mana cost as Steam Augury, but an effect such as that of Jegantha, the Wellspring sees that it contains the mana symbol {1} twice.
709.4c. A split card has each card type specified on either of its halves and each ability in the text box of each half.
709.5b. The existence of each half of an object with a shared type line is part of that object's copiable values, even if that object is a spell on the stack. This is an exception to rule 709.3b.
709.5c. "Left half unlocked" and "right half unlocked" are designations that a permanent on the battlefield can have. Together, they are called the unlocked designations. A particular half of a permanent is said to be "unlocked" if it has the appropriate unlocked designation. Otherwise, that half is said to be "locked."
709.5h. Some abilities trigger when a player unlocks a particular half of a permanent. These abilities trigger when that permanent is given the appropriate unlocked designation, regardless of whether it was given that designation while entering the battlefield or after entering the battlefield.
709.5i. Some abilities trigger when a player "fully unlocks" a permanent with a shared type line. Such an ability triggers when that permanent has one of the two unlocked designations and gets the other, or when it has neither designation and gains both.
710.1. Flip cards have a two-part card frame on a single card. The text that appears right side up on the card defines the card's normal characteristics. Additional alternative characteristics appear upside down on the card. The back of a flip card is the normal Magic card back.
710.1a. The top half of a flip card contains the card's normal name, text box, type line, power, and toughness. The text box usually contains an ability that causes the permanent to "flip" if certain conditions are met.
710.1c. A flip card's color and mana cost don't change if the permanent is flipped. Also, any changes to it by external effects will still apply.
710.3. You must ensure that it's clear at all times whether a permanent you control is flipped or not, both when it's untapped and when it's tapped. Common methods for distinguishing between flipped and unflipped permanents include using coins or dice to mark flipped objects.
710.5. If an effect instructs a player to choose a card name and the player wants to choose a flip card's alternative name, the player may do so.
711.2. A level symbol is a keyword ability that represents a static ability. The level symbol includes either a range of numbers, indicated here as "N1-N2," or a single number followed by a plus sign, indicated here as "N3+." Any abilities printed within the same text box striation as a level symbol are part of its static ability. The same is true of the power/toughness box printed within that striation, indicated here as "[P/T]."
711.3. The text box striations have no game significance other than clearly demarcating which abilities and which power/toughness box are associated with which level symbol. Leveler cards each contain only one text box.
711.4. Any ability a leveler card has that isn't preceded by a level symbol is treated normally. In particular, each leveler permanent has its level up ability (see rule 702.87) at all times; it may be activated regardless of how many level counters are on that permanent.
711.5. If the number of level counters on a leveler creature is less than N1 (the first number printed in its {LEVEL N1-N2} symbol), it has the power and toughness denoted by its uppermost power/toughness box.
712.2. Transforming double-faced cards have a Magic card face on each side and include abilities on one or both of their faces that allow the card to either "transform" or "convert" (turn over to its other face) and/or allow the card to be cast or enter the battlefield "transformed" or "converted" (with its back face up).
712.2a. A transforming double-faced card's front face is marked by a front-face symbol in its upper left corner. On cards printed starting with The Brothers' War (tm) release, that symbol is a single white triangle pointed upward inside a black circle. Transforming double-faced cards printed in older sets have different front-face symbols. On Magic Origins (tm) and Core Set 2019 double-faced cards, the front-face symbol is a modified Planeswalker icon. On cards in the Innistrad(r) block, Shadows over Innistrad set, and Innistrad: Midnight Hunt set, as well as on Ulrich of the Krallenhorde in the Eldritch Moon (tm) set, the front-face symbol is a sun. On other Eldritch Moon double-faced cards, the front-face symbol is a full moon. On Ixalan(r) and Rivals of Ixalan (tm) cards, the front-face symbol is a compass rose. On Kamigawa(r): Neon Dynasty double-faced cards, the front-face symbol is a closed fan.
712.2b. A transforming double-faced card's back face is marked by a back-face symbol in its upper left or upper right corner. On cards printed starting with The Brothers' War release, that symbol is a single white triangle pointed downward inside a black circle. Transforming double-faced cards printed in older sets have different front-face symbols. On Magic Origins and Core Set 2019 double-faced cards, the back-face symbol is a full Planeswalker icon. On cards in the Innistrad block, Shadows over Innistrad set, and Innistrad: Midnight Hunt set, as well as on Ulrich, Uncontested Alpha in the Eldritch Moon set, the back-face symbol is a crescent moon. On other Eldritch Moon double-faced cards, the back-face symbol is a stylized image of Emrakul. On Ixalan and Rivals of Ixalan cards, the back-face symbol is a land icon. On Kamigawa: Neon Dynasty double-faced cards, the back-face symbol is an open fan.
712.3a. A modal double-faced card's front face is marked by a front-face symbol in its upper left corner. The front-face symbol is a single black triangle inside a sideways teardrop.
712.3b. A modal double-faced card's back face is marked by a back-face symbol in its upper left corner. The back-face symbol is two white triangles inside a sideways teardrop.
712.3c. Each face of a modal double-faced card includes a hint bar in the lower left corner with information about the opposite face. This is reminder text and has no effect on game play.
712.4. Meld cards have a Magic card face on one side and half of an oversized card face on the other.
712.4a. One card in each meld pair has an ability that exiles both that object and its counterpart and melds them. To meld the two cards in a meld pair, put them onto the battlefield with their back faces up and combined (see rule 701.42, "Meld"). The resulting permanent is a single object represented by two cards.
712.4b. The back faces of a meld pair are used only to determine the characteristics of the melded permanent that pair becomes on the battlefield. If a rule or effect references the back face of a meld card when not part of a melded permanent on the battlefield, it fails to determine its characteristics, regardless of which parts of the melded permanent is represented on that card's back face.
712.5. There are seven specific meld pairs.
712.5a. Midnight Scavengers and Graf Rats meld to form Chittering Host.
712.5b. Hanweir Garrison and Hanweir Battlements meld to form Hanweir, the Writhing Township.
712.5c. Bruna, the Fading Light and Gisela, the Broken Blade meld to form Brisela, Voice of Nightmares.
712.5d. Phyrexian Dragon Engine and Mishra, Claimed by Gix meld to form Mishra, Lost to Phyrexia.
712.5e. The Mightstone and Weakstone and Urza, Lord Protector meld to form Urza, Planeswalker.
712.5f. Argoth, Sanctum of Nature and Titania, Voice of Gaea meld to form Titania, Gaea Incarnate.
712.5g. Fang, Fearless l'Cie and Vanille, Cheerful l'Cie meld to form Ragnarok, Divine Deliverance.
712.6. Players who are allowed to look at a double-faced card may look at both sides of that card.
712.8. Each face of a transforming or modal double-faced card has its own set of characteristics. The front face of each meld card and the combined face formed by a meld pair each has its own set of characteristics.
712.8c. Normally, a transforming double-faced spell has its front face up while on the stack and has only the characteristics of its front face. However, if an effect allows a player to cast a transforming double-faced card "transformed" or "converted," the resulting spell will have its back face up and have only the characteristics of its back face. Its mana value is calculated using the mana cost of its front face.
712.8e. While a transforming double-faced permanent has its back face up, it has only the characteristics of its back face. However, its mana value is calculated using the mana cost of its front face. If a permanent is copying the back face of a transforming double-faced permanent (even if the object representing that copy is itself a double-faced permanent), the mana value of that permanent is 0. See rule 202.3b.
712.8g. While the two cards of a meld pair are on the battlefield as a melded permanent, the object represented by those cards has only the characteristics of the combined back face, and its mana value is the sum of the mana values of its front faces. If a permanent is copying a melded permanent, the mana value of the copy is 0. See rule 202.3c.
712.11. A double-faced spell is cast with its front face up by default. See rule 601, "Casting Spells."
712.11c. Only the face that will be face up on the stack is evaluated to determine if it can be cast. Only that face is considered to be put onto the stack.
712.11d. If an ability of a transforming double-faced card's front face allows it to be cast "transformed" or "converted," that ability is also considered when evaluating that spell to determine if it can be cast. This is an exception to 712.11c.
712.14c. If a meld card is being melded with its counterpart, those cards enter the battlefield as a single permanent with their back faces up.
712.18. When a transforming double-faced permanent transforms or converts, it doesn't become a new object. Any effects that applied to that permanent will continue to apply to it. Example: An effect gives Village Ironsmith (the front face of a transforming double-faced card) +2/+2 until end of turn and then Village Ironsmith transforms into Ironfang. Ironfang will continue to get +2/+2 until end of turn.
712.19. If an effect instructs a player to choose a card name, the player may choose the name of either face of a transforming or modal double-faced card but not both. Similarly, they may choose either the name of a front face of a meld card or the combined back face of a meld pair.
712.21a. If a melded permanent is put into its owner's graveyard or library, that player may arrange the two cards in any order. If it's put into its owner's library, that player doesn't reveal the order.
712.21b. If a player exiles a melded permanent, that player determines the relative timestamp order of the two cards at that time. This is an exception to the procedure described in rule 613.7m. Example: Duplicant is a card with the abilities "When Duplicant enters, you may exile target nontoken creature" and "As long as a card exiled with Duplicant is a creature card, Duplicant has the power, toughness, and creature types of the last creature card exiled with Duplicant. It's still a Shapeshifter." As Duplicant's first ability exiles Chittering Host, a melded permanent, Duplicant's controller chooses whether the last creature card exiled is Midnight Scavengers or Graf Rats.
712.21c. If an effect can find the new object that a melded permanent becomes as it leaves the battlefield, it finds both cards. (See rule 400.7.) If that effect causes actions to be taken upon those cards, the same actions are taken upon each of them. Example: Otherworldly Journey is an instant that reads "Exile target creature. At the beginning of the next end step, return that card to the battlefield under its owner's control with a +1/+1 counter on it." A player casts Otherworldly Journey targeting Chittering Host, a melded permanent. Chittering Host is exiled. At the beginning of the next end step, Midnight Scavengers and Graf Rats are both returned to the battlefield, each with a +1/+1 counter on it. Example: False Demise is an Aura with the ability "When enchanted creature dies, return that card to the battlefield under your control." A Chittering Host enchanted by False Demise dies. The triggered ability returns both Midnight Scavengers and Graf Rats to the battlefield. Example: Mimic Vat is an artifact that reads, in part, "Whenever a nontoken creature dies, you may exile that card." A Chittering Host dies. As Mimic Vat's triggered ability resolves, its controller makes a single choice and both cards that represented Chittering Host are either exiled or not.
712.21d. If multiple replacement effects could be applied to the event of a melded permanent leaving the battlefield or being put into the new zone, applying one of those replacement effects to one of the two cards affects both cards. If the melded permanent is a commander, it may be exempt from this rule; see rules 903.9b-c. Example: Leyline of the Void is an enchantment that reads, in part, "If a card would be put into an opponent's graveyard from anywhere, exile it instead." Wheel of Sun and Moon is an Aura with enchant player and the ability "If a card would be put into enchanted player's graveyard from anywhere, instead that card is revealed and put on the bottom of its owner's library." If the controller of Chittering Host is affected by both cards' effects, that player chooses one effect to apply to the event and Midnight Scavengers and Graf Rats are both moved to the appropriate zone.
712.21e. If an effect needs to know the number of objects that changed zones, a melded permanent among those objects counts as one object that moved. If the effect needs to know the number of cards that changed zones, that melded permanent counts as two cards that moved.
713.2. Each substitute card must clearly indicate the name of at least the front face of the card that it represents. Other information from the printed card (e.g. card type, mana cost, and power and toughness) may also be written on the substitute card.
713.2a. Some substitute cards list the names and mana costs of the cards they can represent. Exactly one of the fill-in circles must be marked to denote which card the substitute card represents. This style of substitute card was found in Magic products that released 2011-2018.
713.2b. Some substitute cards represent one specific listed card. This style of substitute card was found in the Core Set 2019 release, and it represents the card Nicol Bolas, the Ravager.
713.2c. Some substitute cards can represent any modal double-faced card. These substitute cards include the front-face and back-face symbols on the front face of the card. To use one of them, write in the name of each face of the card it represents. This style of substitute card is found in the Zendikar Rising release.
713.3. If a substitute card is used in a deck, the card it represents is set aside prior to the beginning of the game (see rule 103.2a) and must remain available throughout the game. A substitute card can't be included in a deck unless it is representing a double-faced card or a meld card.
713.4. For all game purposes, the substitute card is considered to be the card it's representing.
714.1. Each Saga card has a striated text box containing a number of chapter symbols. Its illustration is vertically oriented on the right side of the card, and its type line is along the bottom of the card.
714.2a. A chapter symbol includes a Roman numeral, indicated here as "{rN}." The numeral I represents 1, II represents 2, III represents 3, and so on.
714.2b. "{rN}--[Effect]" means "When one or more lore counters are put onto this Saga, if the number of lore counters on it was less than N and became at least N, [effect]."
714.2c. "{rN1}, {rN2}--[Effect]" means the same as "{rN1}--[Effect]" and "{rN2}--[Effect]."
714.2d. A Saga's final chapter number is the greatest value among chapter abilities it has. If a Saga somehow has no chapter abilities, its final chapter number is 0.
714.2e. A Saga's final chapter ability is the chapter ability which has its final chapter number in its chapter symbol.
714.3. Sagas use lore counters to track their progress.
714.4. If the number of lore counters on a Saga permanent with one or more chapter abilities is greater than or equal to its final chapter number, and it isn't the source of a chapter ability that has triggered but not yet left the stack, that Saga's controller sacrifices it. This state-based action doesn't use the stack.
715.1. Adventurer cards have a two-part card frame, with a smaller frame inset within their text box.
715.2. The text that appears in the inset frame on the left defines alternative characteristics that the object may have while it's a spell. The card's normal characteristics appear as usual, although with a smaller text box on the right.
715.2a. If an effect refers to a card, spell, or permanent that "has an Adventure," it refers to an object that has the alternative characteristics of an Adventure spell, even if the object currently doesn't use them.
715.2b. The existence and values of these alternative characteristics are part of the object's copiable values.
715.2c. Although adventurer cards are printed with multiple sets of characteristics, each adventurer card is only one card. For example, a player who has drawn or discarded an adventurer card has drawn or discarded one card, not two.
715.3. As a player plays an adventurer card, the player chooses whether they play the card normally or as an Adventure.
715.3a. When casting an adventurer card as an Adventure, only the alternative characteristics are evaluated to see if it can be cast.
715.3b. While on the stack as an Adventure, the spell has only its alternative characteristics.
715.3c. If an Adventure spell is copied, the copy is also an Adventure. It has the alternative characteristics of the spell and not the normal characteristics of the card that represents the Adventure spell. Any rule or effect that refers to a spell cast as an Adventure refers to the copy as well.
715.3d. Instead of putting a spell that was cast as an Adventure into its owner's graveyard as it resolves, its controller exiles it. For as long as that card remains exiled, that player may play it. It can't be cast as an Adventure this way, although other effects that allow a player to cast it may allow a player to cast it as an Adventure.
715.4. In every zone except the stack, and while on the stack not as an Adventure, an adventurer card has only its normal characteristics.
716.1. Each Class card has a striated text box containing two class level bars. Its illustration is vertically oriented on the left side of the card, and its type line is along the bottom of the card.
716.2b. A level is a designation that any permanent can have. A Class retains its level even if it stops being a Class. Levels are not a copiable characteristic.
716.3. Any ability printed on a Class card that isn't preceded by a class level bar is treated normally. In particular, the Class has the ability printed in its top text box section at all times. That ability may affect the game if it's a static ability, it may trigger if it's a triggered ability, and it can be activated if it's an activated ability.
717.1. Attraction is an artifact subtype seen only on nontraditional Magic cards. Each Attraction has an "Astrotorium" card back rather than a traditional Magic card back and has a column of circled numbers on the right side of its text box. Numbers in white text on a brightly colored background are said to be "lit up" on those cards. Note that multiple Attraction cards with the same English name may have different numbers lit up. You can see each Attraction card's possible combinations of lights at Gatherer.Wizards.com.
717.6. If a card with an Astrotorium card back would be put into a zone other than the battlefield, exile, or the command zone from anywhere, instead its owner puts it into the command zone. This replacement effect may apply more than once to the same event. This is an exception to rule 614.5.
717.6a. Each card owned by the same player that has been put in the command zone this way is kept in a single face-up pile separate from any player's Attraction deck. This pile is informally referred to as that player's "junkyard." The pile is not its own zone.
718.2a. The existence and values of these alternative characteristics are part of the object's copiable values.
718.3a. While casting a prototyped spell, use only its alternative power, toughness, and mana cost when evaluating those characteristics to see if it can be cast.
719.1. Each Case card's illustration is vertically oriented on the left side of the card, and its type line is along the bottom of the card.
719.2. The Case frame has no additional rules meaning.
719.3. Case cards have two special keyword abilities that appear before a long dash and represent a triggered ability and an ability that may be static, triggered, or activated.
719.3a. "To solve -- [Condition]" means "At the beginning of your end step, if [condition] and this Case is not solved, this Case becomes solved."
720.1. Omen cards have a two-part card frame, with a smaller frame inset within their text box.
720.2. The text that appears in the inset frame on the left defines alternative characteristics that the object may have while it's a spell. The card's normal characteristics appear as usual, although with a smaller text box on the right.
720.2a. If an effect refers to a card, spell, or permanent that "has an Omen," it refers to an object that has the alternative characteristics of an Omen spell, even if the object currently doesn't use them.
720.2b. The existence and values of these alternative characteristics are part of the object's copiable values.
720.2c. Although omen cards are printed with multiple sets of characteristics, each omen card is only one card. For example, a player who has drawn or discarded an omen card has drawn or discarded one card, not two.
720.3. As a player casts an omen card, the player chooses whether they cast the card normally or as an Omen.
720.3a. When casting an omen card as an Omen, only the alternative characteristics are evaluated to see if it can be cast.
720.3b. While on the stack as an Omen, the spell has only its alternative characteristics.
720.3c. If an Omen spell is copied, the copy is also an Omen. It has the alternative characteristics of the spell and not the normal characteristics of the card that represents the Omen spell. Any rule or effect that refers to a spell cast as an Omen refers to the copy as well.
720.4. In every zone except the stack, and while on the stack not as an Omen, an omen card has only its normal characteristics.
720.5. If an effect instructs a player to choose a card name and the player wants to choose an omen card's alternative name, the player may do so.
721. Controlling Another Player
721.1. Some cards allow a player to control another player during that player's next turn. This effect applies to the next turn that the affected player actually takes. The affected player is controlled during the entire turn; the effect doesn't end until the beginning of the next turn.
721.1a. Multiple player-controlling effects that affect the same player overwrite each other. The last one to be created is the one that works.
721.1b. If a turn is skipped, any pending player-controlling effects wait until the player who would be affected actually takes a turn.
721.3. Only control of the player changes. All objects are controlled by their normal controllers. A player who's being controlled during their turn is still the active player.
721.4. If information about an object in the game would be visible to the player being controlled, it's visible to both that player and the controller of the player. If information about cards outside the game would be visible to the player being controlled, it's visible only to that player, not the controller of the player. Example: The controller of a player can see that player's hand and the face of any face-down creatures they control.
721.5. While controlling another player, a player makes all choices and decisions the controlled player is allowed to make or is told to make by the rules or by any objects. This includes choices and decisions about what to play, and choices and decisions called for by spells and abilities. Example: The controller of another player decides which spells that player casts and what those spells target, and makes any required decisions when those spells resolve. Example: The controller of another player decides which of that player's creatures attack, which player or planeswalker each one attacks, and how those attacking creatures assign their combat damage.
721.5b. The controller of another player can't make choices or decisions for that player that aren't called for by the rules or by any objects. The controller also can't make any choices or decisions for the player that would be called for by the tournament rules. Example: The player who's being controlled still decides if they will leave to visit the restroom, trade a card to someone else, agree to an intentional draw, or call a judge about an error or infraction.
721.6. The controller of another player can't make that player concede. A player may concede the game at any time, even if they are controlled by another player. See rule 104.3a.
721.7. The effect that gives control of a player to another player may restrict the actions the controlled player is allowed to take or specify actions that the controlled player must take.
721.8. A player who controls another player also continues to make their own choices and decisions.
721.9. An effect may give a player control of themselves. That player will make their own decisions and choices as normal.
722. Ending Turns and Phases
722.1. Some cards end the turn. When an effect ends the turn, follow these steps in order, as they differ from the normal process for resolving spells and abilities (see rule 608, "Resolving Spells and Abilities").
722.1a. If there are any triggered abilities that triggered before this process began but haven't been put onto the stack yet, those abilities cease to exist. They won't be put onto the stack. This rule does not apply to abilities that trigger during this process (see rule 722.1f).
722.1e. Even though the turn ends, "at the beginning of the end step" triggered abilities don't trigger because the end step is skipped.
722.2. One card (Mandate of Peace) ends the combat phase. When an effect ends the combat phase, follow these steps in order, as they differ from the normal process for resolving spells and abilities (see rule 608, "Resolving Spells and Abilities").
722.2a. If there are any triggered abilities that triggered before this process began but haven't been put onto the stack yet, those abilities cease to exist. They won't be put onto the stack. This rule does not apply to abilities that trigger during this process (see rule 722.2f).
723.1. The monarch is a designation a player can have. There is no monarch in a game until an effect instructs a player to become the monarch.
723.4. If the monarch leaves the game, the active player becomes the monarch at the same time as that player leaves the game. If the active player is leaving the game or if there is no active player, the next player in turn order becomes the monarch. If no player still in the game can become the monarch, the game continues with no monarch.
724.1. The initiative is a designation a player can have. There is no initiative in a game until an effect instructs a player to take the initiative. A player who currently has the initiative designation is said to have the initiative.
724.3. Only one player can have the initiative at a time. As a player takes the initiative, the player who currently has the initiative ceases to have it.
724.4. If the player who has the initiative leaves the game, the active player takes the initiative at the same time that player leaves the game. If the active player is leaving the game or if there is no active player, the next player in turn order takes the initiative.
725. Restarting the Game
725.1. One card (Karn Liberated) restarts the game. A game that is restarted immediately ends. No players in that game win, lose, or draw that game. All players in that game when it ended then start a new game following the procedures set forth in rule 103, "Starting the Game," with the following exception:
725.1a. The starting player in the new game is the player who controlled the spell or ability that restarted the game.
725.2. All Magic cards involved in the game that was restarted when it ended, including phased-out permanents and nontraditional Magic cards, are involved in the new game, even if those cards were not originally involved in the restarted game. Ownership of cards in the new game doesn't change, regardless of their location when the new game begins. Example: A player casts Living Wish, bringing a creature card into the game from outside the game. Then that game is restarted. The creature card will be part of that player's library when the new game begins.
725.4. The effect that restarts the game finishes resolving just before the first turn's untap step. If the spell or ability that generated that effect has additional instructions, those instructions are followed at this time. No player has priority, and any triggered abilities that trigger as a result will go on the stack the next time a player receives priority, usually during the first turn's upkeep step.
725.5. Effects may exempt certain cards from the procedure that restarts the game. These cards are not in their owner's deck as the new game begins.
725.5a. In a Commander game, a commander that has been exempted from the procedure that restarts the game won't begin the new game in the command zone. However, it remains that deck's commander for the new game. See rule 903, "Commander."
725.6. If a Magic subgame (see rule 727) is restarted, the main game is unaffected. Main-game effects that refer to the winner or loser of the subgame now refer to the winner or loser of the restarted subgame.
726.1a. A card that refers to life loss "from radiation" refers to life lost as a result of the triggered ability associated with rad counters.
727.1. One card (Shahrazad) allows players to play a Magic subgame.
727.1a. A "subgame" is a completely separate Magic game created by an effect. Essentially, it's a game within a game. The "main game" is the game in which the spell or ability that created the subgame was cast or activated. The main game is temporarily discontinued while the subgame is in progress. It resumes when the subgame ends.
727.1b. No effects or definitions created in either the main game or the subgame have any meaning in the other, except as defined by the effect that created the subgame. For example, the effect may say that something happens in the main game to the winner or loser of the subgame.
727.2. As the subgame starts, an entirely new set of game zones is created. Each player takes all the cards in their main-game library, moves them to their subgame library, and shuffles them. No other cards in a main-game zone are moved to their corresponding subgame zone, except as specified in rules 727.2a-c. Randomly determine which player goes first. The subgame proceeds like a normal game, following all other rules in rule 103, "Starting the Game."
727.2a. As a subgame begins, if one or more supplementary decks of nontraditional cards are being used, each player moves each of their supplementary decks from the main-game command zone to the subgame command zone and shuffles it. (Face-up nontraditional cards remain in the main-game command zone.)
727.4. All objects in the main game and all cards outside the main game are considered outside the subgame (except those specifically brought into the subgame). All players not currently in the subgame are considered outside the subgame.
727.4a. Some effects can bring cards into a game from outside of it. If a card is brought into a subgame from a main game, abilities in the main game that trigger on objects leaving a main-game zone will trigger, but they won't be put onto the stack until the main game resumes.
727.4b. A player's main-game counters aren't considered part of the subgame, although the player will still have them when the main game resumes. Similarly, any counters a player gets during a subgame will cease to exist when the subgame ends.
727.5. At the end of a subgame, each player takes all traditional cards they own that are in the subgame other than those in the subgame command zone, puts them into their main-game library, then shuffles them. This includes cards in the subgame's exile zone and cards that represent phased-out permanents as the subgame ends. Except as specified in rules 727.5a-c, all other objects in the subgame cease to exist, as do the zones created for the subgame. The main game continues from the point at which it was discontinued: First, the spell or ability that created the subgame finishes resolving, even if it was created by a spell card that's no longer on the stack. Then, if any main-game abilities triggered while the subgame was in progress due to cards being removed from the main game, those abilities are put onto the stack. Example: If a card was brought into the subgame either from the main game or from outside the main game, that card will be put into its owner's main-game library when the subgame ends.
727.5a. At the end of a subgame, each nontraditional card not in a supplementary deck that began the subgame in a supplementary deck is turned face down and put on the bottom of that deck. Then each player moves each of their supplementary decks from the subgame command zone to the main-game command zone and shuffles it.
728.1. One keyword causes an object to merge with a permanent. See rule 702.140, "Mutate."
728.2. To merge an object with a permanent, place that object on top of or under that permanent. That permanent becomes a merged permanent represented by the card or copy that represented that object in addition to any other components that were representing it.
728.2a. A merged permanent has only the characteristics of its topmost component, unless otherwise specified by the effect that caused them to merge. This is a copiable effect whose timestamp is the time the objects merged. (See rule 613.2.)
728.2b. As an object merges with a permanent, that object leaves its previous zone and becomes part of an object on the battlefield, but the resulting permanent isn't considered to have just entered the battlefield.
728.2c. Because a merged permanent is the same object that it was before, it hasn't just come under a player's control, any continuous effects that affected it continue to do so, and so on.
728.2d. If a merged permanent contains a token, the resulting permanent is a token only if the topmost component is a token.
728.2e. If a merged permanent contains face-up and face-down components, the permanent's status is determined by its topmost component. If a face-down permanent becomes a face-up permanent as a result of an object merging with it, other effects don't count it as being turned face up.
728.2f. If a merged permanent is turned face down, each face-up component that represents it is turned face down. If a face-down merged permanent is turned face up, each face-down component that represents it is turned face up.
728.2i. A merged permanent is not a double-faced permanent even if it contains one or more double-faced components. If a merged permanent contains one or more transforming double-faced components (see rule 712), transforming that permanent causes each of those double-faced components to turn so that its other face is up.
728.2j. A face-up merged permanent that contains a double-faced component can't be turned face down.
728.3b. If a player exiles a merged permanent, that player determines the relative timestamp order of the cards at that time. This is an exception to the procedure described in rule 613.7m.
728.3c. If an effect can find the new object that a merged permanent becomes as it leaves the battlefield, it finds all of those objects. (See rule 400.7.) If that effect causes actions to be taken upon those objects, the same actions are taken upon each of them.
728.3e. If a replacement effect applies to a "card" being put into a zone without also including tokens, that effect applies to all components of the merged permanent if it's not a token, including components that are tokens. If the merged permanent is a token but some of its components are cards, the merged permanent and its token components are put into the appropriate zone, and the components that are cards are moved by the replacement effect.
729.1. Day and night are designations that the game itself can have. The game starts with neither designation. "It becomes day" and "it becomes night" refer to the game gaining the day or night designation. It can become day or night through the daybound and nightbound keyword abilities (see rule 702.145). Other effects can also make it day or night. Once it has become day or night, the game will have exactly one of those designations from that point forward.
729.1a. The phrases "day becomes night" and "night becomes day" refer to the game losing the first designation and gaining the second one.
729.2. As the second part of the untap step, the game checks the previous turn to see if the game's day/night designation should change. See rule 502, "Untap Step."
729.2c. If it's neither day nor night, this check doesn't happen and it remains neither.
730.1. When playing a game, players typically make use of mutually understood shortcuts rather than explicitly identifying each game choice (either taking an action or passing priority) a player makes.
730.1a. The rules for taking shortcuts are largely informal. As long as each player in the game understands the intent of each other player, any shortcut system they use is acceptable.
730.1b. Occasionally the game gets into a state in which a set of actions could be repeated indefinitely (thus creating a "loop"). In that case, the shortcut rules can be used to determine how many times those actions are repeated without having to actually perform them, and how the loop is broken.
730.2. Taking a shortcut follows the following procedure.
730.2a. At any point in the game, the player with priority may suggest a shortcut by describing a sequence of game choices, for all players, that may be legally taken based on the current game state and the predictable results of the sequence of choices. This sequence may be a non-repetitive series of choices, a loop that repeats a specified number of times, multiple loops, or nested loops, and may even cross multiple turns. It can't include conditional actions, where the outcome of a game event determines the next action a player takes. The ending point of this sequence must be a place where a player has priority, though it need not be the player proposing the shortcut. Example: A player controls a creature enchanted by Presence of Gond, which grants the creature the ability "{T}: Create a 1/1 green Elf Warrior creature token," and another player controls Intruder Alarm, which reads, in part, "Whenever a creature enters, untap all creatures." When the player has priority, they may suggest "I'll create a million tokens," indicating the sequence of activating the creature's ability, all players passing priority, letting the creature's ability resolve and create a token (which causes Intruder Alarm's ability to trigger), Intruder Alarm's controller putting that triggered ability on the stack, all players passing priority, Intruder Alarm's triggered ability resolving, all players passing priority until the player proposing the shortcut has priority, and repeating that sequence 999,999 more times, ending just after the last token-creating ability resolves.
730.2b. Each other player, in turn order starting after the player who suggested the shortcut, may either accept the proposed sequence, or shorten it by naming a place where they will make a game choice that's different than what's been proposed. (The player doesn't need to specify at this time what the new choice will be.) This place becomes the new ending point of the proposed sequence. Example: The active player draws a card during her draw step, then says, "Go." The nonactive player is holding Into the Fray (an instant that says "Target creature attacks this turn if able") and says, "I'd like to cast a spell during your beginning of combat step." The current proposed shortcut is that all players pass priority at all opportunities during the turn until the nonactive player has priority during the beginning of combat step.
730.2c. Once the last player has either accepted or shortened the shortcut proposal, the shortcut is taken. The game advances to the last proposed ending point, with all game choices contained in the shortcut proposal having been taken. If the shortcut was shortened from the original proposal, the player who now has priority must make a different game choice than what was originally proposed for that player.
730.3. Sometimes a loop can be fragmented, meaning that each player involved in the loop performs an independent action that results in the same game state being reached multiple times. If that happens, the active player (or, if the active player is not involved in the loop, the first player in turn order who is involved) must then make a different game choice so the loop does not continue. Example: In a two-player game, the active player controls a creature with the ability "{0}: This creature gains flying," the nonactive player controls a permanent with the ability "{0}: Target creature loses flying," and nothing in the game cares how many times an ability has been activated. Say the active player activates his creature's ability, it resolves, then the nonactive player activates her permanent's ability targeting that creature, and it resolves. This returns the game to a game state it was at before. The active player must make a different game choice (in other words, anything other than activating that creature's ability again). The creature doesn't have flying. Note that the nonactive player could have prevented the fragmented loop simply by not activating her permanent's ability, in which case the creature would have had flying. The nonactive player always has the final choice and is therefore able to determine whether the creature has flying.
730.4. If a loop contains only mandatory actions, the game is a draw. (See rules 104.4b and 104.4f.)
730.5. No player can be forced to perform an action that would end a loop other than actions called for by objects involved in the loop. Example: A player controls Seal of Cleansing, an enchantment that reads, "Sacrifice Seal of Cleansing: Destroy target artifact or enchantment." A mandatory loop that involves an artifact begins. The player is not forced to sacrifice Seal of Cleansing to destroy the artifact and end the loop.
730.6. If a loop contains an effect that says "[A] unless [B]," where [A] and [B] are each actions, no player can be forced to perform [B] to break the loop. If no player chooses to perform [B], the loop will continue as though [A] were mandatory.
731.1. If a player takes an illegal action or starts to take an action but can't legally complete it, the entire action is reversed and any payments already made are canceled. No abilities trigger and no effects apply as a result of an undone action. If the action was casting a spell, the spell returns to the zone it came from. Each player may also reverse any legal mana abilities that player activated while making the illegal play, unless mana from those abilities or from any triggered mana abilities they caused to trigger was spent on another mana ability that wasn't reversed. Players may not reverse actions that moved cards to a library, moved cards from a library to any zone other than the stack, caused a library to be shuffled, or caused cards from a library to be revealed.
731.2. When reversing illegal spells and abilities, the player who had priority retains it and may take another action or pass. The player may redo the reversed action in a legal way or take any other action allowed by the rules.
8. Multiplayer Rules
800.1. A multiplayer game is a game that begins with more than two players. This section contains additional optional rules that can be used for multiplayer play.
800.2. These rules consist of a series of options that can be added to a multiplayer game and a number of variant styles of multiplayer play. A single game may use multiple options but only one variant.
800.3. Many multiplayer Magic tournaments have additional rules not included here, including rules for deck construction. See the most current Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules for more information. They can be found at WPN.Wizards.com/en/resources/rules-documents.
800.4. Unlike two-player games, multiplayer games can continue after one or more players have left the game.
800.4a. When a player leaves the game, all objects (see rule 109) owned by that player leave the game and any effects which give that player control of any objects or players end. Then, if that player controlled any objects on the stack not represented by cards, those objects cease to exist. Then, if there are any objects still controlled by that player, those objects are exiled. This is not a state-based action. It happens as soon as the player leaves the game. If the player who left the game had priority at the time they left, priority passes to the next player in turn order who's still in the game. Example: Alex casts Mind Control, an Aura that reads, "You control enchanted creature," on Bianca's Assault Griffin. If Alex leaves the game, so does Mind Control, and Assault Griffin reverts to Bianca's control. If, instead, Bianca leaves the game, so does Assault Griffin, and Mind Control is put into Alex's graveyard. Example: Alex casts Act of Treason, which reads, in part, "Gain control of target creature until end of turn," targeting Bianca's Runeclaw Bears. If Alex leaves the game, Act of Treason's change-of-control effect ends and Runeclaw Bears reverts to Bianca's control. Example: Alex casts Bribery, which reads, "Search target opponent's library for a creature card and put that card onto the battlefield under your control. Then that player shuffles their library," targeting Bianca. Alex puts Serra Angel onto the battlefield from Bianca's library. If Bianca leaves the game, Serra Angel also leaves the game. If, instead, Alex leaves the game, Serra Angel is exiled. Example: Alex controls Genesis Chamber, which reads, "Whenever a nontoken creature enters, if Genesis Chamber is untapped, that creature's controller creates a 1/1 colorless Myr artifact creature token." If Alex leaves the game, all such Myr tokens that entered the battlefield under Alex's control leave the game, and all such Myr tokens that entered the battlefield under any other player's control remain in the game.
800.4b. If an object would change to the control of a player who has left the game, it doesn't. If a token would be created under the control of a player who has left the game, no token is created. If an object would be put onto the battlefield or onto the stack under the control of a player who has left the game, that object remains in its current zone. If a player would be controlled by a player who has left the game, they aren't.
800.4c. If an effect that gives a player still in the game control of an object ends, there is no other effect giving control of that object to another player in the game, and the player who controlled that object by default has left the game, the object is exiled. This is not a state-based action. It happens as soon as the control-changing effect ends.
800.4d. If an object that would be owned by a player who has left the game would be created in any zone, it isn't created. If a triggered ability that would be controlled by a player who has left the game would be put onto the stack, it isn't put on the stack. Example: Astral Slide is an enchantment that reads, "Whenever a player cycles a card, you may exile target creature. If you do, return that creature to the battlefield under its owner's control at the beginning of the next end step." During Alex's turn, Bianca uses Astral Slide's ability to exile Alex's Hypnotic Specter. Before the end of that turn, Bianca leaves the game. At the beginning of the end step, the delayed triggered ability generated by Astral Slide that would return Hypnotic Specter to the battlefield triggers, but it isn't put on the stack. Hypnotic Specter never returns to the battlefield.
800.4e. If combat damage would be assigned to a player who has left the game, that damage isn't assigned.
800.4f. If an object requires a player who has left the game to pay a cost or choose whether to pay a cost, that cost is not paid.
800.4g. If an object requires a player who has left the game to make a choice other than whether to pay a cost, the controller of the object chooses another player to make that choice. If the original choice was to be made by an opponent of the controller of the object, that player chooses another opponent if possible.
800.4h. If a rule requires a player who has left the game to make a choice, the next player in turn order makes that choice.
800.4i. If an effect requires information about a specific player, the effect uses the current information about that player if they are still in the game; otherwise, the effect uses the last known information about that player before they left the game. If an effect requires information from the game about actions players have taken, the effect can find actions that were taken by a player who has left the game.
800.4j. If a player leaves the game during their turn, that turn continues to its completion without an active player. If the active player would receive priority, instead the next player in turn order receives priority, or the top object on the stack resolves, or the phase or step ends, whichever is appropriate.
800.4k. If a player who has left the game would begin a turn, that turn doesn't begin.
800.4m. When a player leaves the game, any continuous effects with durations that last until that player's next turn or until a specific point in that turn will last until that turn would have begun. They neither expire immediately nor last indefinitely.
800.4n. When a player leaves the game, objects that player owns in the ante zone do not leave the game. This is an exception to rule 800.4a. See rule 407, "Ante."
800.4p. In a Planechase game, if the player designated as the planar controller would leave the game, instead the next player in turn order that wouldn't leave the game becomes the planar controller, then the old planar controller leaves the game. See rule 311.5.
800.5. Unless a chosen variant or option prescribes otherwise, seating order is determined by any mutually agreeable method. For example, players could agree to remain where they were before the game began, roll dice to determine seating order, and so on.
800.6. In a multiplayer game, the first mulligan a player takes doesn't count toward the number of cards that player will put on the bottom of their library or the number of mulligans that player may take. Subsequent mulligans are counted toward these numbers as normal.
800.7. In a multiplayer game other than a Two-Headed Giant game, the starting player doesn't skip the draw step of their first turn. In a Two-Headed Giant game, the team who plays first skips the draw step of their first turn. See rule 103.8.
801.2a. The most commonly chosen limited ranges of influence are 1 seat and 2 seats. Different players may have different ranges of influence. Example: A range of influence of 1 means that only you and the players seated directly next to you are within your range of influence. Example: A range of influence of 2 means that you and the two players to your left and the two players to your right are within your range of influence.
801.2c. The particular players within each player's range of influence are determined as each turn begins. Example: In a game with a range of influence of 1, Alex is seated to the left of Rob, and Carissa is seated to the right of Rob. Carissa is not in Alex's range of influence. If Rob leaves the game, Carissa will enter Alex's range of influence at the start of the next turn.
801.2d. An object is within a player's range of influence if it's controlled by that player or by another player within that many seats of that player. In addition, a battle is within a player's range of influence if it's protected by that player or by another player within that many seats of that player.
801.5a. If a player is asked to choose an object or player, they must choose one within their range of influence. Example: In a game with a range of influence of 1, Alex is seated to the left of Rob. Alex activates the ability of Cuombajj Witches, which reads, "{T}: Cuombajj Witches deals 1 damage to any target and 1 damage to any target of an opponent's choice," targeting Rob and choosing Rob as the opponent who picks the other target. Rob must choose a target that's in both his range of influence and in the range of influence of the controller of Cuombajj Witches. He must therefore choose himself, Alex, or a creature controlled by either himself or Alex.
801.5b. If a player is asked to choose between one or more options (and not between one or more objects or players), they can choose between those options even if those options refer to objects or players outside the player's range of influence. Example: Alex, who has a range of influence of 2, is seated to the left of Rob, and Carissa, who has a range of influence of 1, is seated to the right of Rob. Alex casts a spell that reads, "An opponent chooses one -- You draw two cards; or each creature you control gets +2/+2 until end of turn," and chooses Carissa to make that choice. Carissa can choose the mode even though Alex is out of her range.
801.7a. If a trigger event includes an object moving out of or into a player's range of influence, use the game state before or after the event as appropriate to determine whether the triggered ability will trigger. See rules 603.6 and 603.10. Example: Carissa and Alex are outside each other's range of influence. Carissa controls a Runeclaw Bear owned by Alex and they each control an Extractor Demon, a creature which reads, in part, "Whenever another creature leaves the battlefield, you may have target player mill two cards." The Runeclaw Bear is destroyed and is put into Alex's graveyard. The ability of Alex's Extractor Demon doesn't trigger because the leaves-the-battlefield event was outside Alex's range of influence. The ability of Carissa's Extractor Demon does trigger, even though the creature is going to a graveyard outside her range, because the leaves-the-battlefield event was within her range.
801.10. Spells and abilities can't affect objects or players outside their controller's range of influence. The parts of the effect that attempt to affect an out-of-range object or player will do nothing. The rest of the effect will work normally. Example: In a six-player game in which each player has range of influence 1, Alex casts Pyroclasm, which reads, "Pyroclasm deals 2 damage to each creature." Pyroclasm deals 2 damage to each creature controlled by Alex, the player to Alex's left, and the player to Alex's right. No other creatures are dealt damage.
801.11. If a spell or ability requires information from the game, it gets only information from within its controller's range of influence. It doesn't see objects or events outside its controller's range of influence. Example: In a six-player game where each player has range of influence 1, Alex controls Coat of Arms, which reads, "Each creature gets +1/+1 for each other creature on the battlefield that shares at least one creature type with it." Coat of Arms will boost Alex's creatures based only on what creatures are controlled by Alex, the player to Alex's left, and the player to Alex's right. It won't take other creatures into account. Example: In the same game, Rob is sitting to the right of Alex. Coat of Arms will boost Rob's creatures based on what creatures are controlled by players within Alex's range of influence, including the player sitting to Alex's left, who's out of Rob's range of influence.
801.13. Replacement and prevention effects watch for a particular event to happen and then completely or partially replace that event. The limited range of influence option can cause the modified event to contain instructions that can't be carried out, in which case the player simply ignores the impossible instructions. See rule 614, "Replacement Effects," and rule 615, "Prevention Effects."
801.16. If the game somehow enters a "loop" of mandatory actions, repeating a sequence of events with no way to stop, the game is a draw for each player who controls an object that's involved in that loop, as well as for each player within the range of influence of any of those players. They leave the game. All remaining players continue to play the game.
804.1. The Emperor variant always uses the deploy creatures option, and it can be used in other variants that allow players to compete in teams. Multiplayer formats in which players compete as individuals usually don't use this option.
805.2. Within each team, the player seated in the rightmost seat from that team's perspective is the primary player. If the players on a team can't agree on a choice, such as which creatures attack or what order triggered abilities are put on the stack, the primary player makes that choice.
805.3. The methods described in rule 103.1 are used to determine which team will take the first turn. The team determined this way is the starting team.
805.3a. The process for handling mulligans is altered accordingly. First, each player on the starting team, in whatever order that team likes, declares whether that player will take a mulligan. Then the players on each other team in turn order do the same. Teammates may consult while making their decisions. Then all mulligans are taken at the same time. Teammates may consult while choosing which cards, if any, to put on the bottom of their library. A player may take a mulligan even after a teammate has decided to keep their opening hand. See rule 103.5.
805.3b. The process for handling cards that allow a player to begin the game with them on the battlefield is altered accordingly. First, each player on the starting team, in whatever order that team likes, may put any or all such cards onto the battlefield from that player's opening hand. Teammates may consult while making their decisions. Then each player on each other team in turn order does the same.
805.4. Each team takes turns rather than each player.
805.4a. The team whose turn it is is the active team. Each other team is a nonactive team.
805.6. The Active Player, Nonactive Player order rule (see rule 101.4) is modified if the shared team turns option is used. If multiple teams would make choices and/or take actions at the same time, first the active team makes any choices required, then each nonactive team in turn order makes any choices required. If multiple players would make choices and/or take actions at the same time, first each player on the active team makes any choices required in whatever order they like, then the players on each nonactive team in turn order do the same. Once all choices have been made, the actions happen simultaneously.
805.6a. If more than one player is instructed to draw cards in a game that's using the shared team turns option, first each player on the active team, in whatever order that team likes, performs that player's draws, then each player on each nonactive team in turn order does the same.
805.7. If multiple triggered abilities have triggered since the last time a team received priority, the members of the active team put all triggered abilities any of them controls on the stack in any order they choose, then the members of each nonactive team in turn order do the same.
805.10. The shared team turns option uses different combat rules than other multiplayer options.
805.10c. Any rule, object, or effect that refers to an "attacking player" refers to one specific attacking player, not to all attacking players. If an ability of a blocking creature refers to an attacking player, or a spell or ability refers to both a blocking creature and an attacking player, then unless otherwise specified, the attacking player it's referring to is the player who controls the attacking creature that blocking creature is blocking. If a spell or ability could apply to multiple blocking creatures, the appropriate attacking player is individually determined for each of those blocking creatures. If there are multiple attacking players that could be chosen, the controller of the spell or ability chooses one.
806.2. Any multiplayer options used are determined before play begins. The Free-for-All variant uses the following default options.
806.3. The players are randomly seated around the table.
807.1. The Grand Melee variant is a modification of the Free-for-All variant, in which a group of players compete against each other as individuals. Grand Melee is normally used only in games begun with ten or more players.
807.2. Any multiplayer options used are decided before play begins. The Grand Melee variant uses the following default options.
807.3. The players are seated at random.
807.4. The Grand Melee variant allows multiple players to take turns at the same time. Moving turn markers keep track of which players are currently taking turns. Each turn marker represents an active player's turn.
807.4b. The starting player in the game gets the first turn marker. The player four seats to that player's left (the fifth player) takes the second turn marker, and so on until all the turn markers have been handed out. Each turn marker is assigned a number in this way. Then all players with turn markers start their turns at the same time.
807.4c. After a player ends their turn, that player passes the turn marker to the player on their left. If a player with a turn marker leaves the game during their turn, the player to their left takes the turn marker after that turn ends. If a player with a turn marker leaves the game before their turn begins, the player to their left takes the turn marker immediately.
807.4d. A player who receives a turn marker can't begin their turn if any player in the three seats to their left has a turn marker. If this is the case, that player waits until the player four seats to their left takes the other turn marker.
807.4e. If a player leaves the game and that player leaving the game would reduce the number of turn markers in the game, the turn marker immediately to the departed player's right is designated for removal. If more than one player leaves the game simultaneously, those players leaving the game would reduce the number of turn markers in the game, and there are multiple turn markers that could be removed, the marker with the lowest number is designated for removal. A turn marker may be designated for removal multiple times.
807.4f. For the purposes of determining if one or more players leaving the game would reduce the number of turn markers in the game (see rule 807.4e), disregard turn markers already designated for removal.
807.4g. If a player who's taking a turn has a turn marker that's been designated for removal, that turn marker is removed rather than being passed after that turn ends. If a player who's not taking a turn has a turn marker that's been designated for removal, that turn marker is removed immediately. If a removed turn marker had been designated for removal multiple times, the turn marker to its right becomes designated for removal that many times minus one.
807.4h. If one or more consecutively seated players leave the game, the players that were on either side of those seats don't enter one another's range of influence until the next turn begins.
807.4i. If an effect causes a player with a turn marker to take an extra turn after the current one, that player keeps the turn marker and starts their next turn after the current turn ends, unless another turn marker is too close on either side at that time. If a turn marker is within three seats on the player's left, the extra turn waits to begin until the player four seats to their left takes the other turn marker. If a turn marker is within three seats on the player's right, the player passes the turn marker to their left when the turn ends rather than keeping it, and the player will take the extra turn immediately before their next turn.
807.4j. If an effect would cause a player to take an extra turn after the current turn, but that player wouldn't have a turn marker at the start of that turn, that player will take the extra turn immediately before their next turn instead. Example: During Alex's turn, he casts Time Walk, which causes him to take an extra turn after this one. During the same turn, the player to Alex's left leaves the game, which causes the number of turn markers to be reduced. After Alex's current turn ends, his turn marker is removed. He won't take the extra turn from Time Walk until just before his normal turn the next time he receives a turn marker.
807.5. Rather than having a single stack, Grand Melee games contain multiple stacks. Each turn marker represents its own stack.
808.1. Team vs. Team games are played with two or more teams. Each team may have any number of players on it.
808.2. Each team sits together on one side of the table. Each team decides the order in which its players sit.
808.3. Any multiplayer options used are determined before play begins. The Team vs. Team variant uses the following default options.
808.4. To determine which player goes first, randomly choose a team. If that team has an odd number of players, the player in its center seat goes first. If that team has an even number of players, the player to the left of its midpoint goes first. Turn order goes to the players' left.
808.5. In the Team vs. Team variant, a team's resources (cards in hand, mana, and so on) are not shared. Teammates may review each other's hands and discuss strategies at any time. Teammates can't manipulate each other's cards or permanents.
809.2. Each team sits together on one side of the table. Each team decides the order in which it's seated. Each team has one emperor, who sits in the middle of the team. The remaining players on the team are generals whose job is to protect the emperor.
809.3c. A player can attack only an opponent seated immediately next to them, a planeswalker controlled by a player seated immediately next to them, or a battle protected by a player seated immediately next to them. Example: At the start of an Emperor game, neither emperor can attack any opponents, even though both of the opposing generals are within their spell range.
809.4. Randomly determine which emperor goes first. Turn order goes to the players' left.
809.5. The Emperor variant includes the following specifications for winning and losing the game. All other rules for ending the game also apply. (See rule 104.)
809.5a. A team wins the game if its emperor wins.
809.5b. A team loses the game if its emperor loses.
809.5c. The game is a draw for a team if the game is a draw for its emperor.
809.6. The Emperor variant can also be played with any number of equally sized teams. If the teams have more than three players, the range of influence of each player should be adjusted.
809.7. In the Emperor variant, a team's resources (cards in hand, mana, and so on) are not shared. Teammates may review each other's hands and discuss strategies at any time. Teammates can't manipulate each other's cards or permanents.
810.1. Two-Headed Giant games are played with two teams of two players each.
810.3. Each team sits together on one side of the table. Each team decides the order in which its players sit.
810.6. The team who plays first skips the draw step of its first turn.
810.8. The Two-Headed Giant variant uses the normal rules for winning or losing the game (see rule 104), with the following additions and specifications.
810.8b. If a player concedes, their team leaves the game immediately. That team loses the game.
810.9. Damage, loss of life, and gaining life happen to each player individually. The result is applied to the team's shared life total. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, a player casts Flame Rift, which reads, "Flame Rift deals 4 damage to each player." Each team is dealt a total of 8 damage.
810.9a. If a cost or effect needs to know the value of an individual player's life total, that cost or effect uses the team's life total instead. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, a player on a team that has 17 life is targeted by Beacon of Immortality, which reads, in part, "Double target player's life total." That player gains 17 life, so the team winds up at 34 life. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, a player controls Test of Endurance, an enchantment that reads, "At the beginning of your upkeep, if you have 50 or more life, you win the game." At the beginning of that player's upkeep, the player's team wins the game if their team's life total is 50 or more. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, a player on a team that has 11 life controls Lurking Evil, an enchantment that reads, "Pay half your life, rounded up: Lurking Evil becomes a 4/4 Horror creature with flying." To activate the ability, that player must pay 6 life. The team winds up at 5 life.
810.9b. If a cost or effect allows both members of a team to pay life simultaneously, the total amount of life they pay may not exceed their team's life total. (Players can always pay 0 life.)
810.9c. If an effect sets a single player's life total to a specific number, the player gains or loses the necessary amount of life to end up with the new total. The team's life total is adjusted by the amount of life that player gained or lost. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, a player on a team that has 25 life is targeted by an ability that reads, "Target player's life total becomes 10." That player's life total is considered to be 25, so that player loses 15 life. The team winds up at 10 life.
810.9d. If an effect would set the life total of each player on a team to a number, that team chooses one of its members. On that team, only that player is affected. Example: In a Two-Headed Giant game, one team has 7 life and the other team has 13 life. A player casts Repay in Kind, which reads, "Each player's life total becomes the lowest life total among all players." Each team chooses one of its members to be affected. The result is that the chosen player on the team that has 13 life loses 6 life, so that team's life total winds up at 7.
810.9f. If an effect instructs a player to redistribute any number of players' life totals, that player may not affect more than one member of each team this way.
810.9h. If an effect says that a player can't lose life, no player on that player's team can lose life or pay any amount of life other than 0.
810.11. The Two-Headed Giant variant can also be played with equally sized teams of more than two players. For each player a team has beyond the second, that team's starting life total is increased by 15 and the number of poison counters required for the team to lose is increased by five. (These variants are called Three-Headed Giant, Four-Headed Giant, and so on.)
811.1. Alternating Teams games are played with two or more teams of equal size.
811.2. Any multiplayer options used are determined before play begins. The Alternating Teams variant uses the following default options.
811.3. At the start of the game, players are seated so that no one is next to a teammate and each team is equally spaced out. Example: In an Alternating Teams game with three teams, A, B, and C, the seating around the table at the start of the game is A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, A3, B3, C3, and so on.
811.4. A player can't attack opponents who aren't seated next to them, planeswalkers that aren't controlled by opponents seated next to them, or battles that aren't protected by opponents seated next to them.
811.5. In the Alternating Teams variant, a team's resources (cards in hand, mana, and so on) are not shared. Teammates can't review each other's hands unless they are sitting next to each other. Teammates may discuss strategies at any time. Teammates can't manipulate each other's cards or permanents.
900.1. This section contains additional optional rules that can be used for certain casual game variants. It is by no means comprehensive.
900.2. The casual variants detailed here use supplemental zones, rules, cards, and other game implements not used in traditional Magic games.
901.1. In the Planechase variant, plane cards and phenomenon cards add additional abilities and randomness to the game. The Planechase variant uses all the normal rules for a Magic game, with the following additions.
901.3. In addition to the normal game materials, each player needs a supplementary planar deck of at least ten plane and/or phenomenon cards and the game needs one planar die. No more than two cards in a planar deck can be phenomenon cards. Each card in a planar deck must have a different English name. (See rule 311, "Planes," and rule 312, "Phenomena.")
901.3a. A planar die is a six-sided die. One face has the Planeswalker symbol. One face has the chaos symbol. The other faces are blank.
901.4. All plane and phenomenon cards remain in the command zone throughout the game, both while they're part of a planar deck and while they're face up.
901.6. The owner of a plane or phenomenon card is the player who started the game with it in their planar deck. The controller of a face-up plane or phenomenon card is the player designated as the planar controller. Normally, the planar controller is whoever the active player is. However, if the current planar controller would leave the game, instead the next player in turn order that wouldn't leave the game becomes the planar controller, then the old planar controller leaves the game. The new planar controller retains that designation until they leave the game or a different player becomes the active player, whichever comes first.
901.9. Any time the active player has priority and the stack is empty, but only during a main phase of their turn, that player may roll the planar die. Taking this action costs a player an amount of mana equal to the number of times they have previously taken this action on that turn. This is a special action and doesn't use the stack. Note that this number won't be equal to the number of times the player has rolled the planar die that turn if an effect has caused the player to roll the planar die that turn. (See rule 116.2i.)
901.9a. If the die roll is a blank face, nothing happens. The active player gets priority.
901.9d. Rolling the planar die will cause any ability that triggers whenever a player rolls one or more dice to trigger. However, any effect that refers to a numerical result of a die roll, including ones that compare the results of that roll to other rolls or to a given number, ignores the rolling of the planar die. See 706, "Rolling a Die."
901.10. When a player leaves the game, all objects owned by that player except abilities from phenomena leave the game. (See rule 800.4a.) If that includes a face-up plane card or phenomenon card, the planar controller turns the top card of their planar deck face up. This is not a state-based action. It happens as soon as the player leaves the game.
901.10a. If a plane leaves the game while a "planeswalking ability" is on the stack, that ability ceases to exist.
901.10b. Abilities from phenomena owned by a player who left the game remain on the stack controlled by the new planar controller.
901.12. A Two-Headed Giant Planechase game uses all the rules for the Two-Headed Giant multiplayer variant and all the rules for the Planechase casual variant, with the following additions.
901.12b. The planar controller is normally the primary player of the active team. However, if the current planar controller's team would leave the game, instead the primary player of the next team in turn order that wouldn't leave the game becomes the planar controller, then the old planar controller's team leaves the game. The new planar controller retains that designation until they leave the game or a different team becomes the active team, whichever comes first.
901.12c. Even though the face-up plane or phenomenon is controlled by just one player, any ability of that plane or phenomenon that refers to "you" applies to both members of the planar controller's team.
901.12d. Since each member of the active team is an active player, each of them may roll the planar die. Each player's cost to roll the planar die is based on the number of times that particular player has already rolled the planar die that turn.
901.14a. Before the first turn of the game of the game, each player who will start the game with a turn marker sets a starting plane (see rule 901.5). Each of them is a planar controller.
901.14b. If a player would leave the game and that player leaving the game would reduce the number of turn markers in the game, that player first ceases to be a planar controller (but no other player becomes a planar controller), then that player leaves the game. Each face-up plane card or phenomenon card that player controlled is put on the bottom of its owner's planar deck. No player is considered to have planeswalked.
901.15a. As an alternative option, a Planechase game may be played with just a single communal planar deck. In that case, the number of cards in the planar deck must be at least forty or at least ten times the number of players in the game, whichever is smaller. The planar deck can't contain more phenomenon cards than twice the number of players in the game. Each card in the planar deck must have a different English name.
902.1. In the Vanguard variant, a vanguard card allows each player to play the role of a famous character. Each player will have one face-up vanguard card whose abilities and other characteristics affect the game. The Vanguard variant uses all the normal rules for a Magic game, with the following additions.
903.1. In the Commander variant, a variant created and popularized by fans, each deck is led by a legendary creature designated as that deck's commander. The Commander variant uses all the normal rules for a Magic game, with the following additions.
903.3. Each deck has a legendary creature card designated as its commander. This designation is not a characteristic of the object represented by the card; rather, it is an attribute of the card itself. The card retains this designation even when it changes zones. Example: A commander that's been turned face down (due to Ixidron's effect, for example) is still a commander. A commander that's copying another card (due to Cytoshape's effect, for example) is still a commander. A permanent that's copying a commander (such as a Body Double, for example, copying a commander in a player's graveyard) is not a commander.
903.3a. Some cards have an ability that states the card can be your commander. This ability modifies the rules for deck construction, and it functions before the game begins. See also rule 113.6n.
903.3b. If a player's commander is a meld card and it's melded with the other member of its meld pair, the resulting melded permanent is that player's commander.
903.4a. Color identity is established before the game begins.
903.4b. If a commander has a static ability that causes a player to choose its color before the game begins, that choice applies during deck construction and throughout the game, even as the commander changes zones. That choice affects the commander's color identity. The player reveals that choice as they put their commander into the command zone before the game begins. See rules 103.2c and 607.2p.
903.4d. The back face of a double-faced card (see rule 712) is included when determining a card's color identity. This is an exception to rule 712.8a. Example: Civilized Scholar is the front face of a double-faced card with mana cost {2}{U}. Homicidal Brute is the back face of that double-faced card and has a red color indicator. The card's color identity is blue and red.
903.4f. If an ability refers to the colors or number of colors in a commander's color identity, that quality is undefined if that player doesn't have a commander. That part of the ability won't do anything. Costs that refer to that quality are unpayable.
903.5. Each Commander deck is subject to the following deck construction rules.
903.5a. Each deck must contain exactly 100 cards, including its commander. In other words, the minimum deck size and the maximum deck size are both 100.
903.5b. Other than basic lands, each card in a Commander deck must have a different English name. For the purposes of deck construction, cards with interchangeable names have the same English name (see rule 201.3).
903.5c. A card can be included in a Commander deck only if every color in its color identity is also found in the color identity of the deck's commander. Example: Wort, the Raidmother is a legendary creature with mana cost {4}{R/G}{R/G}. Wort's color identity is red and green. Each card in a Wort Commander deck must be only red, only green, both red and green, or have no color. Each mana symbol in the mana cost or rules text of a card in this deck must be only red, only green, both red and green, or have no color.
903.9b. If a commander would be put into its owner's hand or library from anywhere, its owner may put it into the command zone instead. This replacement effect may apply more than once to the same event. This is an exception to rule 614.5.
903.9c. If a commander is a melded permanent or a merged permanent and its owner chooses to put it into the command zone using the replacement effect described in rule 903.9b, that permanent and each component representing it that isn't a commander are put into the appropriate zone, and the card that represents it and is a commander is put into the command zone.
903.10. The Commander variant includes the following specification for winning and losing the game. All other rules for ending the game also apply. (See rule 104.)
903.10a. A player who's been dealt 21 or more combat damage by the same commander over the course of the game loses the game. (This is a state-based action. See rule 704.)
903.12a. Brawl is an option for a different style of Commander game. Brawl games use the normal rules for the Commander variant with the following modifications.
903.12b. Brawl decks are usually constructed using cards from the Standard format.
903.12d. A player's deck must contain exactly 60 cards, including its commander. In other words, the minimum deck size and the maximum deck size are both 60.
903.12g. In any Brawl game, the first mulligan a player takes doesn't count toward the number of cards that player will put on the bottom of their library or the number of mulligans that player may take. Subsequent mulligans are counted toward these numbers as normal.
903.13b. A draft typically consists of three draft rounds. In each draft round, each player opens a booster pack, drafts two cards by placing them in a face-down pile in front of them, then passes the remaining cards to the next player. Each player then drafts two cards from the booster pack passed to them and passes the remaining cards. This procedure continues until all cards in that draft round have been drafted.
903.13d. During the draft, a player can look only at cards in the booster pack they are currently drafting from and cards they have already drafted. A player may not reveal drafted cards to other players unless an ability instructs them to.
903.13f. Commander Draft deck construction follows the same rules as Commander deck construction (see rule 903.5) with three exceptions: (1) A player's deck must contain at least 60 cards. There is no maximum deck size. (2) A player's deck may include any number of cards from that player's card pool with the same name. (3) If the draft contained draft boosters from Commander Masters, any card which can be a player's commander by itself and whose color identity includes one or fewer colors is considered to have the partner ability for the purposes of deckbuilding. (See rule 702.124, "Partner.")
903.13g. Commander Draft games follow the same rules as Commander games. See rules 903.6-903.11.
904.1. In the Archenemy variant, a team of players faces off against a single opponent strengthened with powerful scheme cards. The Archenemy variant uses all the normal rules for a Magic game, with the following additions.
904.2a. One of the teams consists of exactly one player, who is designated the archenemy.
904.2b. The other team consists of any number of players.
904.3. In addition to the normal game materials, the archenemy needs a supplementary scheme deck of at least twenty scheme cards. A scheme deck may contain no more than two of any card with a particular English name. (See rule 314, "Schemes.")
904.4. All scheme cards remain in the command zone throughout the game, both while they're part of a scheme deck and while they're face up.
904.6. Rather than a randomly determined player, the archenemy takes the first turn of the game.
904.12b. Each player in this game is an archenemy.
904.13a. As an alternative option, players may play a Commander game (see rule 903, "Commander") using the Archenemy rules. The normal rules for Commander apply, as modified by the Archenemy rules, with the following exceptions.
904.13d. The archenemy's scheme deck must contain at least ten cards, and each card must have a different English name.
905.1c. During the draft, a player can look only at cards in the booster pack they are currently drafting from, cards they have already drafted, cards that are currently revealed as described in rule 905.2b, and cards that have been drafted face up as described in rule 905.2c. A player may not reveal drafted cards to other players unless an ability instructs them to.
905.2a. During a draft, there is no active player or system of priority. If multiple players wish to take an action at the same time during the draft and can't agree on an order, those actions are taken in a random order.
905.2b. Some cards instruct players to reveal them as they're drafted and then note some information, such as a number or color. This information can be referred to by other abilities during the game. Any player can look at this information at any time during the draft or game. After the information is noted, the drafted card is turned face down and added to the player's drafted cards pile.
905.2c. Some cards instruct players to draft them face up. Each such card remains face up until the draft is complete, an effect instructs the person who drafted it to turn it face down, or the card leaves that player's drafted cards pile. While the card is face up, all players may look at it.
905.4. At the start of the game, before decks are shuffled, each player may put any number of conspiracy cards from their sideboard into the command zone.
Glossary
APNAP Order: See Active Player, Nonactive Player Order.
Abandon: To turn a face-up ongoing scheme card face down and put it on the bottom of its owner's scheme deck. See rule 701.33, "Abandon."
Ability: 1. Text on an object that explains what that object does or can do. 2. An activated or triggered ability on the stack. This kind of ability is an object. See rule 113, "Abilities," and section 6, "Spells, Abilities, and Effects."
Ability Word: An italicized word with no rules meaning that ties together abilities on different cards that have similar functionality. See rule 207.2c.
Absorb: A keyword ability that prevents damage. See rule 702.64, "Absorb."
Activate: To put an activated ability onto the stack and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. See rule 602, "Activating Activated Abilities."
Activated Ability: A kind of ability. Activated abilities are written as "[Cost]: [Effect.] [Activation instructions (if any).]" See rule 113, "Abilities," and rule 602, "Activating Activated Abilities."
Activation Cost: Everything that appears before the colon in an activated ability's text. It must be paid to activate the ability. See rule 118, "Costs," and rule 602, "Activating Activated Abilities."
Active Player: The player whose turn it is. See rule 102.1.
Active Player, Nonactive Player Order: A system that determines the order by which players make choices if multiple players are instructed to make choices at the same time. See rule 101.4. This rule is modified for games using the shared team turns option; see rule 805.6.
Active Team: The team whose turn it is in a game using the shared team turns option. See rule 805.4a.
Adapt: A keyword action that puts +1/+1 counters on a creature that doesn't have any yet. See rule 701.46, "Adapt."
Additional Cost: A cost a spell may have that its controller may pay (or, in some cases, must pay) in addition to its mana cost to cast that spell. See rule 118, "Costs," and rule 601, "Casting Spells."
Adventurer Card: Cards with a two-part card frame (one part of which is inset on the left) on a single card where the alternative characteristics include the Adventure spell type. See rule 715, "Adventurer Cards."
Affinity: A keyword ability that reduces how much mana you need to spend to cast a spell. See rule 702.41, "Affinity."
Afflict: A keyword ability that makes the defending player lose life for blocking. See rule 702.130, "Afflict."
Afterlife: A keyword ability that leaves behind Spirit creature tokens when certain creatures die. See rule 702.135, "Afterlife."
Aftermath: A keyword ability that lets a player cast one half of a split card only from their graveyard. See rule 702.127, "Aftermath."
Alternate Name: A different name used on promotional or alternate-art versions of some cards. This name has no rules meaning. See rule 201.6.
Alternating Teams Variant: A multiplayer variant played among two or more teams of equal size. See rule 811, "Alternating Teams Variant."
Alternative Cost: A cost a spell may have that its controller can pay rather than paying its mana cost. See rule 118, "Costs," and rule 601, "Casting Spells."
Amass: A keyword action that gives you a Zombie Army creature token or grows an Army you already have. See rule 701.47, "Amass."
Amplify: A keyword ability than can have a creature enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters on it. See rule 702.38, "Amplify."
Anchor Word: A word that precedes one of two abilities a permanent may enter the battlefield with. See rule 614.12b.
Annihilator: A keyword ability that can make a creature particularly brutal when it attacks. See rule 702.86, "Annihilator."
Ante: 1. A zone used only when playing "for keeps." 2. To put a card into the ante zone. See rule 407, "Ante."
Any Target: A spell or ability may require "any target." "Any target" is the same as "target creature, player, or planeswalker." See rule 115.4.
Archenemy: 1. A casual variant in which a team of players faces off against a single opponent strengthened with powerful scheme cards. See rule 904, "Archenemy." 2. A player in an Archenemy game who is playing with a scheme deck.
Archenemy Commander: A Commander game that follows a modified version of the Archenemy rules. See rule 903, "Commander," and rule 904, "Archenemy."
Artifact: A card type. An artifact is a permanent. See rule 301, "Artifacts."
Artifact Creature: A combination of artifact and creature that's subject to the rules for both. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 302, "Creatures."
Artifact Land: A combination of artifact and land that's subject to the rules for both. Artifact lands can only be played as lands, not cast as spells. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 305, "Lands."
Artifact Type: A subtype that's correlated to the artifact card type. See rule 301, "Artifacts." See rule 205.3g for the list of artifact types.
As Though: Text used to indicate that the game, for some specific purpose, treats a condition as true even though it's not. See rule 609.4.
Ascend: A keyword causing a player to get the designation of the city's blessing once they control ten permanents. See rule 702.131, "Ascend."
Assemble: Assemble is a keyword action in the Unstable set that puts Contraptions onto the battlefield. Cards and mechanics from the Unstable set aren't included in these rules.
Assign Combat Damage: To determine how an attacking or blocking creature will deal its combat damage. See rule 510, "Combat Damage Step."
Assist: A keyword ability that lets another player help you pay for a spell. See rule 702.132, "Assist."
At End of Turn (Obsolete): A trigger condition printed on abilities that triggered at the beginning of the end step (which is not the last thing to happen in the turn). Cards that were printed with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say "at the beginning of the end step" or "at the beginning of the next end step." See rule 513, "End Step."
Attach: To take an Aura, Equipment, or Fortification from where it currently is and put it onto a specified object or player. See rule 701.3, "Attach."
Attack: To send a creature into combat offensively. A creature can attack a player or a planeswalker. See rule 508, "Declare Attackers Step."
Attack Alone: A creature "attacks alone" if it's the only creature declared as an attacker during the declare attackers step. A creature "is attacking alone" if it's attacking but no other creatures are. See rule 506.5.
Attack Left Option: An option that may be used in certain multiplayer variants. See rule 803, "Attack Left and Attack Right Options."
Attack Multiple Players Option: An option that may be used in certain multiplayer variants. See rule 802, "Attack Multiple Players Option."
Attack Right Option: An option that may be used in certain multiplayer variants. See rule 803, "Attack Left and Attack Right Options."
Attacking Creature: A creature that has either been declared as part of a legal attack during the combat phase (once all costs to attack, if any, have been paid), or a creature that has been put onto the battlefield attacking. It remains an attacking creature until it's removed from combat or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 508, "Declare Attackers Step."
Attacking Team: The team who can attack during the combat phase of a multiplayer game using the shared team turns option. See rule 805, "Shared Team Turns Option."
Attacks and Isn't Blocked: An ability that triggers when a creature "attacks and isn't blocked" triggers when the creature becomes an unblocked attacking creature. See rule 509.1h.
Attraction: An artifact type seen only on nontraditional Magic cards in the Unfinity expansion. See rule 717, "Attraction Cards," rule 701.51, "Open an Attraction," and rule 701.52, "Roll to Visit Your Attractions."
Attraction Deck: An optional deck of at least three (in limited play) or ten (in constructed play) Attraction cards that can be used to support play with some cards from the Unfinity expansion. See rule 717.2.
Aura: An enchantment subtype. Aura spells target objects or players, and Aura permanents are attached to objects or players. See rule 303, "Enchantments," and rule 702.5, "Enchant."
Aura Swap: A keyword ability that lets you exchange an Aura on the battlefield with one in your hand. See rule 702.65, "Aura Swap."
Awaken: A keyword ability that lets you turn a land you control into a creature. See rule 702.113, "Awaken."
Background: An enchantment type that, in combination with the "choose a Background" ability, may allow a legendary enchantment card to be your commander. See rule 702.124, "Partner," and rule 903, "Commander."
Backup: A keyword ability that lets a creature give +1/+1 counters to itself or another when it enters the battlefield. If a different creature is chosen, that creature also temporarily gains one or more abilities. See rule 702.165, "Backup."
Banding, "Bands with Other": Banding is a keyword ability that modifies the rules for declaring attackers and assigning combat damage. "Bands with other" is a specialized version of the ability. See rule 702.22, "Banding."
Bargain: Bargain is a keyword ability that represents an optional additional cost of sacrificing an artifact, enchantment, or token. A spell has been bargained if its controller declared the intention to pay that cost. See rule 702.166, "Bargain."
Base Power, Base Toughness: Effects that change the base power and/or base toughness of a creature set one or both of those values to a specific number. See rule 613, "Interaction of Continuous Effects."
Basic: A supertype that's normally relevant on lands. Any land with this supertype is a basic land. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes."
Basic Land Type: There are five "basic land types": Plains, Island, Swamp, Mountain, and Forest. Each one has a mana ability associated with it. See rule 305, "Lands."
Basic Landcycling: See Typecycling.
Battle: A card type. A battle is a permanent. See rule 310, "Battles."
Battle Cry: A keyword ability that makes other attacking creatures better in combat. See rule 702.91, "Battle Cry."
Battlefield: A zone. The battlefield is the zone in which permanents exist. It used to be known as the "in-play" zone. See rule 403, "Battlefield."
Becomes: A word used in some trigger events to indicate a change in status or characteristics. See rule 603.2f.
Beginning Phase: Part of the turn. This phase is the first phase of the turn. See rule 501, "Beginning Phase."
Beginning of Combat Step: Part of the turn. This step is the first step of the combat phase. See rule 507, "Beginning of Combat Step."
Behold: A keyword action that allows a player to choose a permanent they control of a particular quality or reveal a card of that quality from their hand, usually to pay a cost or get an additional effect. See rule 701.4, "Behold."
Bestow: A keyword ability that lets a creature card be cast as an Aura. See rule 702.103, "Bestow."
Blitz: A keyword ability found on creature cards that allows them to be cast for an alternative cost. See rule 702.152, "Blitz."
Block: To send a creature into combat defensively. A creature can block an attacking creature. See rule 509, "Declare Blockers Step."
Block Alone: A creature "blocks alone" if it's the only creature declared as a blocker during the declare blockers step. A creature "is blocking alone" if it's blocking but no other creatures are. See rule 506.5.
Blocked Creature: An attacking creature that another creature blocks or that an effect causes to become blocked. It remains a blocked creature until it's removed from combat, an effect says that it becomes unblocked, or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 509, "Declare Blockers Step."
Blocking Creature: A creature that has either been declared as part of a legal block during the combat phase (once all costs to block, if any, have been paid), or a creature that has been put onto the battlefield blocking. It remains a blocking creature until it's removed from combat or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 509, "Declare Blockers Step."
Blood Token: A Blood token is a colorless artifact token with "{1}, {T}, Discard a card, Sacrifice this artifact: Draw a card." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Bloodthirst: A keyword ability that can have a creature enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters on it. See rule 702.54, "Bloodthirst."
Boast: A special kind of activated ability that can be activated only once each turn if the creature with the boast ability attacked that turn. See rule 702.142, "Boast."
Bolster: A keyword action that puts +1/+1 counters on the weakest creature a player controls. See rule 701.39, "Bolster."
Booster Pack: A group of unopened Magic cards from a particular expansion. Booster packs are used in Limited formats. See rule 100.2b.
Brawl: An option for the Commander casual variant. See rule 903.12, "Brawl Option."
Bury (Obsolete): A term that meant "put [a permanent] into its owner's graveyard." In general, cards that were printed with the term "bury" have received errata in the Oracle card reference to read, "Destroy [a permanent]. It can't be regenerated," or "Sacrifice [a permanent]."
Bushido: A keyword ability that can make a creature better in combat. See rule 702.45, "Bushido."
Buyback: A keyword ability of instants and sorceries that can let the spell return to its owner's hand as it resolves. See rule 702.27, "Buyback."
Card: The standard component of the game. Magic cards may be traditional or nontraditional. Tokens aren't considered cards. In the text of spells or abilities, the term "card" is used only to refer to a card that's not on the battlefield or on the stack, such as a creature card in a player's hand. See rule 108, "Cards."
Card Pool: In a Limited format, the cards a player may use, in addition to basic land cards, to build their deck.
Card Type: A characteristic. Except for abilities on the stack, each object has a card type, even if that object isn't a card. Each card type has its own rules. See rule 205, "Type Line," and section 3, "Card Types."
Cascade: A keyword ability that may let a player cast a random extra spell for no cost. See rule 702.85, "Cascade."
Case: An enchantment subtype. Cases have a "to solve" ability that set a condition its controller must meet in order for the "solved" ability to take effect. See rule 719, "Case Cards."
Cast: To take a card from where it is (usually the hand), put it on the stack, and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect. See rule 601, "Casting Spells."
Caster (Obsolete): An obsolete term that referred to the player who cast a spell. In general, cards that were printed with the term "caster" have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say "controller."
Casting Cost (Obsolete): An obsolete term for mana cost. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Casualty: A keyword ability that allows you to sacrifice a creature to create a copy of a spell. See 702.153, "Casualty."
Champion, Championed: "Champion" is a keyword ability that lets one creature temporarily replace another. A permanent is "championed" by another permanent if the latter exiles the former as the direct result of a champion ability. See rule 702.72, "Champion."
Change a Target: To choose a new, legal target for a spell or ability. See rule 115.7.
Changeling: A characteristic-defining ability that grants the object it's on every creature type. See rule 702.73, "Changeling."
Chaos Ability: An ability of a plane card that triggers "Whenever chaos ensues" in the Planechase casual variant. See rule 311.7.
Chaos Symbol: The chaos symbol appears on the planar die and near some triggered abilities of plane cards in the Planechase casual variant. See rule 107.12.
Characteristic-Defining Ability: A kind of static ability that conveys information about an object's characteristics that would normally be found elsewhere on that object (such as in its mana cost, type line, or power/toughness box). See rule 604.3.
Characteristics: Information that defines an object. See rule 109.3.
Choose a Background: A variant of the partner ability that lets two legendary permanent cards be your commander in the Commander variant rather than one if one of them has the "choose a Background" ability and the other is a Background enchantment card. See rule 702.124, "Partner," and rule 903, "Commander."
Cipher: A keyword ability that allows you to encode a card on a creature and cast that card whenever that creature deals combat damage to a player. See rule 702.99, "Cipher."
City's Blessing: A designation a player can have. The ascend keyword causes a player to get this designation once they control ten permanents. See rule 702.131, "Ascend."
Clash: To have a mini-contest involving the top cards of players' libraries. See rule 701.30, "Clash."
Class: An enchantment subtype. Classes have a number of class level abilities that increase their level and grant them new abilities. See rule 716, "Class Cards."
Cleanup Step: Part of the turn. This step is the second and final step of the ending phase. See rule 514, "Cleanup Step."
Cleave: A keyword ability that allows you to pay an alternative cost to remove some of a spell's text. See rule 702.148, "Cleave."
Cloak: A keyword action that puts a card onto the battlefield face down as a 2/2 creature with ward {2}. See rule 701.58, "Cloak," and rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."
Clue Token: A Clue token is a colorless artifact token with "{2}, Sacrifice this artifact: Draw a card." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Collect Evidence: A keyword action. To "collect evidence N" means to exile any number of cards from your graveyard with total mana value N or greater. See rule 701.59, "Collect Evidence."
Collector Number: A number printed on most cards that has no effect on game play. See rule 213, "Information Below the Text Box."
Color: 1. A characteristic of an object. See rule 105, "Colors," and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color." 2. An attribute mana may have. See rule 106, "Mana."
Color Identity: A set of colors that determines what cards may be included in a deck for the Commander casual variant. See rule 903.4.
Color Indicator: A characteristic of an object. See rule 105, "Colors," and rule 204, "Color Indicator."
Colorless: 1. An object with no color is colorless. Colorless is not a color. See rule 105, "Colors," and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color." 2. A type of mana. See rule 106, "Mana," and rule 107.4c.
Combat Damage: Damage dealt during the combat damage step by attacking creatures and blocking creatures as a consequence of combat. See rule 510, "Combat Damage Step."
Combat Damage Step: Part of the turn. This step is the fourth step of the combat phase. See rule 510, "Combat Damage Step."
Combat Phase: Part of the turn. This phase is the third phase of the turn. See rule 506, "Combat Phase."
Command: A zone for certain specialized objects that have an overarching effect on the game, yet are not permanents and cannot be destroyed. See rule 408, "Command."
Commander: 1. A casual variant in which each deck is led by a legendary creature. See rule 903, "Commander." 2. A designation given to one legendary creature card in each player's deck in the Commander casual variant.
Commander Draft: A casual variant in which players participate in a booster draft and then play multiplayer games. See rule 903.13, "Commander Draft."
Commander Ninjutsu: A variant of the ninjutsu ability. See rule 702.49, "Ninjutsu."
Commander Tax: Informal term for the additional cost to cast a commander based on the number of times a player has cast it previously this game. See rule 903.8.
Companion: A keyword ability that allows a player to choose one creature card from outside the game as a companion if the restriction of that card's companion ability is met. Once a player has chosen a companion, that player may pay {3} to put it into their hand once during the game. See rule 702.139, "Companion."
Compleated: A keyword ability that causes a planeswalker to enter the battlefield with fewer loyalty counters if a player chose to pay life for Phyrexian mana symbols in its cost. See rule 702.150, "Compleated."
Complete a Dungeon: To remove a dungeon card from the game after reaching that dungeon card's bottommost room. See rule 309, "Dungeons."
Concede: To quit the game. Conceding a game immediately causes that player to leave that game and lose that game. See rule 104, "Ending the Game."
Connive: A keyword action that causes a player to draw a card, discard a card, and then to put a +1/+1 counter on a creature if a nonland card was discarded this way. See rule 701.50, "Connive."
Conspiracy: A card type used in Limited formats such as Conspiracy Draft. A conspiracy card is not a permanent. See rule 315, "Conspiracies."
Conspiracy Draft: A casual variant in which players participate in a booster draft and then play multiplayer games. See rule 905, "Conspiracy Draft."
Conspire: A keyword ability that creates a copy of a spell. See rule 702.78, "Conspire."
Constructed: A way of playing in which each player creates their own deck ahead of time. See rule 100.2a.
Continuous Artifact (Obsolete): An obsolete term that appeared on the type line of artifacts without activated abilities. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to simply say "Artifact."
Continuous Effect: An effect that modifies characteristics of objects, modifies control of objects, or affects players or the rules of the game, for a fixed or indefinite period. See rule 611, "Continuous Effects."
Control Another Player: To make all choices and decisions that player is allowed to make, or is told to make, by rules or by any objects. See rule 721, "Controlling Another Player."
Control, Controller: "Control" is the system that determines who gets to use an object in the game. An object's "controller" is the player who currently controls it. See rule 108.4.
Convert: To turn a double-faced card so its other face is up. See rule 701.28, "Convert."
Converted Mana Cost (Obsolete): An obsolete term for mana value. Cards printed with this term have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Convoke: A keyword ability that lets you tap creatures rather than pay mana to cast a spell. See rule 702.51, "Convoke."
Copiable Values: Values of an object's characteristics that are checked by copy effects. See rules 613.2, 707.2, and 707.3.
Copy: 1. To create a new object whose copiable values have been set to those of another object. 2. An object whose copiable values have been set to those of another object. See rule 707, "Copying Objects."
Cost: An action or payment necessary to take another action or to stop another action from taking place. See rule 118, "Costs."
Counter: 1. To cancel a spell or ability so it doesn't resolve and none of its effects occur. See rule 701.6, "Counter." 2. A marker placed on an object or player that modifies its characteristics or interacts with a rule or ability. See rule 122, "Counters."
Counts As (Obsolete): Some older cards were printed with text stating that the card "counts as" something. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to state that the card actually is that thing.
Craft: Craft is an activated ability that allows a player to exile cards from their graveyard and/or permanents they control to exile the permanent with the craft ability and return it onto the battlefield transformed. See rule 702.167, "Craft."
Create: To create a token is to put a token onto the battlefield. See rule 701.7, "Create."
Creature: A card type. A creature is a permanent. See rule 302, "Creatures."
Creature Type: A subtype that's correlated to the creature card type and the kindred card type. See rule 302, "Creatures," and rule 308, "Kindreds." See rule 205.3m for the list of creature types.
Crew: A keyword ability that lets you tap creatures to turn a Vehicle into an artifact creature. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.122, "Crew."
Crime: Targeting an opponent, anything that opponent controls, and/or any cards in an opponent's graveyard is a crime. See rule 700.13.
Cumulative Upkeep: A keyword ability that imposes an increasing cost to keep a permanent on the battlefield. See rule 702.24, "Cumulative Upkeep."
Cycling: A keyword ability that lets a card be discarded and replaced with a new card. See rule 702.29, "Cycling."
Damage: Objects can deal "damage" to creatures, planeswalkers, and players. This is generally detrimental to the object or player that receives that damage. See rule 120, "Damage."
Damage Assignment Order (Obsolete): Previously, if a creature blocks or becomes blocked by multiple creatures, the creature's controller would be required to choose an order in which it would assign combat damage to the creatures blocking or blocked by it. Now, its controller no longer needs to assign an order, and simply divides its combat damage as they choose among all creatures it's blocking or blocked by. See rules 510.1c-d.
Dash: A keyword ability found on creature cards that allows them to be cast for an alternative cost. See rule 702.109, "Dash."
Day: Along with night, a designation the game can have. See rule 729, "Day and Night," and rule 702.145, "Daybound and Nightbound."
Daybound: An ability found on the front faces of some double-faced cards. Cards with daybound and nightbound are face up when it's day and face down when it's night. See rule 702.145, "Daybound and Nightbound," and rule 729, "Day and Night."
Deal: See Damage.
Deathtouch: A keyword ability that causes damage dealt by an object to be especially effective. See rule 702.2, "Deathtouch."
Decayed: A keyword ability that means "This creature can't block" and "When this creature attacks, sacrifice it at end of combat. See rule 702.147, "Decayed."
Deck: The collection of cards a player starts the game with; it becomes that player's library. See rule 100, "General," and rule 103, "Starting the Game."
Declare Attackers: To choose a set of creatures that will attack, declare whether each creature is attacking the defending player or a planeswalker that player controls, and pay any costs required to allow those creatures to attack. See rule 508.1.
Declare Attackers Step: Part of the turn. This step is the second step of the combat phase. See rule 508, "Declare Attackers Step."
Declare Blockers: To choose a set of creatures that will block, declare which attacking creature each creature is blocking, and pay any costs required to allow those creatures to block. See rule 509.1.
Declare Blockers Step: Part of the turn. This step is the third step of the combat phase. See rule 509, "Declare Blockers Step."
Defender: A keyword ability that prohibits a creature from attacking. See rule 702.3, "Defender."
Defending Player: The player who can be attacked, and whose planeswalkers can be attacked, during the combat phase. See rule 506.2. In certain multiplayer games, there may be more than one defending player; see rule 802, "Attack Multiple Players Option," and rule 805.10.
Defending Team: The team who can be attacked, and whose planeswalkers can be attacked, during the combat phase of a multiplayer game using the shared team turns option. See rule 805, "Shared Team Turns Option."
Defense: 1. Part of a card that only battle cards have. A battle card's defense is printed in its lower right corner. See rule 210, "Defense." 2. A characteristic that only battles can have. See rule 310, "Battles."
Delayed Triggered Ability: An ability created by effects generated when some spells or abilities resolve, or when some replacement effects are applied, that does something later on rather than at that time. See rule 603.7.
Delve: A keyword ability that lets you exile cards from your graveyard rather than pay generic mana to cast a spell. See rule 702.66, "Delve."
Demonstrate: A triggered ability found on some spells that let its controller copy it and choose an opponent to also copy it. See rule 702.144, "Demonstrate."
Dependency: A system that may be used to determine in which order continuous effects in the same layer or sublayer are applied. See rule 613.8. See also Timestamp Order.
Deploy Creatures Option: An option that may be used in certain multiplayer variants to pass control of creatures between teammates. See rule 804, "Deploy Creatures Option."
Destroy: To move a permanent from the battlefield to its owner's graveyard. See rule 701.8, "Destroy."
Detain: A keyword action that temporarily stops a permanent from attacking, blocking, or having its activated abilities activated. See rule 701.35, "Detain."
Dethrone: A keyword ability that puts a +1/+1 counter on a creature when it attacks the player with the most life. See rule 702.105, "Dethrone."
Devoid: A characteristic-defining ability that makes an object colorless. See rule 702.114, "Devoid."
Devotion: A numerical value a player has, equal to the number of mana symbols of a certain color among the mana costs of permanents that player controls. See rule 700.5.
Devour: A keyword ability that can have a creature enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters on it. See rule 702.82, "Devour."
Dies: A creature or planeswalker "dies" if it is put into a graveyard from the battlefield. See rule 700.4.
Discard: To move a card from its owner's hand to that player's graveyard. See rule 701.9, "Discard."
Discover: A keyword ability that may allow a player to cast a random spell for free. See rule 701.57, "Discover."
Disguise: A keyword ability that lets a card be cast face down as a 2/2 creature with ward {2}. See rule 702.168, "Disguise," and rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."
Disturb: A keyword ability that allows a player to cast a double-faced card transformed from the graveyard. See rule 702.146, "Disturb."
Doctor's Companion: A partner ability that allows a player to play with two legendary creature cards as their commander if one of them has Doctor's companion and the other is a Time Lord Doctor with no other creature types.
Door: A door is one half of a Room permanent. See rule 709, "Split Cards."
Double: A keyword action used in a variety of contexts. See rule 701.10, "Double."
Double Agenda: A variant of the hidden agenda ability. See rule 702.106, "Hidden Agenda."
Double Strike: A keyword ability that lets a creature deal its combat damage twice. See rule 702.4, "Double Strike."
Double-Faced Cards: Cards with two faces, one on each side of the card, and no Magic card back. See rule 712, "Double-Faced Cards."
Draft: 1. A Limited format in which players choose cards one at a time from booster packs, then construct a deck solely from the chosen cards and basic land cards. 2. To choose a card during a draft and put it into your card pool.
Draft Round: Part of a draft in which each player opens an unopened booster pack and the cards in those booster packs are drafted. See rules 905.1a and 905.1b.
Draw: 1. To put the top card of a player's library into their hand as a turn-based action or as the result of an effect that uses the word "draw." See rule 121, "Drawing a Card." 2. The result of a game in which neither player wins or loses. See rule 104.4.
Draw Step: Part of the turn. This step is the third and final step of the beginning phase. See rule 504, "Draw Step."
Dredge: A keyword ability that lets a player return a card from their graveyard to their hand. See rule 702.52, "Dredge."
Dungeon: A card type found on nontraditional Magic cards. A dungeon card is not a permanent. See rule 309, "Dungeons."
During (Obsolete): Some older cards used the phrase "during [phase], [action]." These abilities were called "phase abilities." In general, cards that were printed with phase abilities have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they have abilities that trigger at the beginning of a step or phase. "During" still appears in current card text, but only in its normal English sense and not as game terminology.
EDH (Obsolete): An older name for the Commander casual variant. See rule 903, "Commander."
Echo: A keyword ability that imposes a cost to keep a permanent on the battlefield. See rule 702.30, "Echo."
Effect: Something that happens in the game as a result of a spell or ability. See rule 609, "Effects."
Embalm: A keyword ability that lets a player exile a creature card from their graveyard to create a mummified token version of that card. See rule 702.128, "Embalm."
Emblem: An emblem is a marker used to represent an object that has one or more abilities, but no other characteristics. See rule 114, "Emblems."
Emerge: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a spell for less by sacrificing a creature. See rule 702.119, "Emerge."
Emperor: The middle player on each team in an Emperor game. See rule 809, "Emperor Variant."
Emperor Variant: A multiplayer variant played among three-player teams. See rule 809, "Emperor Variant."
Enchant: A keyword ability that defines what an Aura spell can target and what an Aura permanent can be attached to. See rule 303, "Enchantments," and rule 702.5, "Enchant."
Enchantment: A card type. An enchantment is a permanent. See rule 303, "Enchantments." See also Aura.
Enchantment Type: A subtype that's correlated to the enchantment card type. See rule 303, "Enchantments." See rule 205.3h for the list of enchantment types.
Encoded: A term that describes the relationship between a permanent and a card exiled by a cipher ability. See rule 702.99, "Cipher."
Encore: A keyword ability that lets a player exile a creature card from their graveyard to, for each opponent, create a token that's a copy of that card to attack that opponent. See rule 702.141, "Encore"
Encounter: To move a phenomenon card off the top of a planar deck and turn it face up. See rule 312, "Phenomena."
End Step: Part of the turn. This step is the first step of the ending phase. See rule 513, "End Step."
End of Combat Step: Part of the turn. This step is the fifth and final step of the combat phase. See rule 511, "End of Combat Step."
End the Combat Phase: To "end the combat phase" as the result of an effect is to perform an expedited process that skips everything else that would happen that phase. See rule 722, "Ending Turns and Phases."
End the Turn: To "end the turn" as the result of an effect is to perform an expedited process that skips nearly everything else that would happen that turn. See rule 722, "Ending Turns and Phases."
Ending Phase: Part of the turn. This phase is the fifth and final phase of the turn. See rule 512, "Ending Phase."
Endure: A keyword ability that lets you choose put +1/+1 counters on a creature or create a Spirit creature token. See rule 702.62, "Endure."
Energy Symbol: The energy symbol {E} represents one energy counter. To pay {E}, a player removes one energy counter from themselves.
Enlist: A keyword ability that allows a creature that could have attacked to support another creature. See rule 702.154, "Enlist."
Enter: In rules text, to enter the battlefield. See "Enters the Battlefield."
Enters the Battlefield: A nontoken permanent enters the battlefield when it's moved onto the battlefield from another zone. A token enters the battlefield as it's created. See rules 403.3, 603.6a, 603.6d, and 614.12. This phrase has been shortened to simply "enters" in rules text on cards in most contexts.
Entwine: A keyword ability that lets a player choose all modes for a spell rather than just the number specified. See rule 702.42, "Entwine."
Epic: A keyword ability that lets a player copy a spell at the beginning of each of their upkeeps at the expense of casting any other spells for the rest of the game. See rule 702.50, "Epic."
Equip: A keyword ability that lets a player attach an Equipment to a creature they control. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.6, "Equip."
Equipment: An artifact subtype. Equipment can be attached to creatures. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.6, "Equip."
Escalate: A keyword ability on some modal spells that adds a cost for choosing additional modes. See rule 702.120, "Escalate."
Escape: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card from their graveyard. See rule 702.138, "Escape."
Eternalize: A keyword ability that lets a player exile a creature card from their graveyard to create an eternalized token version of that card. See rule 702.129, "Eternalize."
Evasion Ability: An ability that restricts what creatures can block an attacking creature. See rules 509.1b-c.
Event: Anything that happens in a game. See rule 700.1.
Evoke: A keyword ability that causes a permanent to be sacrificed when it enters the battlefield. See rule 702.74, "Evoke."
Evolve: A keyword ability that lets you put a +1/+1 counter on a creature when a larger creature enters the battlefield under your control. See rule 702.100, "Evolve."
Exalted: A keyword ability that can make a creature better in combat. See rule 702.83, "Exalted."
Excess Damage: Damage dealt to a creature greater than what would be lethal damage or damage dealt to a planeswalker greater than its loyalty. See rule 120.4a.
Exchange: To swap two things, such as objects, sets of objects, or life totals. See rule 701.12, "Exchange."
Exert: A keyword action that stops a permanent from untapping during the next untap step of the player who exerted it. See rule 701.43, "Exert."
Exhaust: A special kind of activated ability that may be activated only once. See rule 702.177, "Exhaust."
Exile: 1. A zone. Exile is essentially a holding area for cards. It used to be known as the "removed-from-the-game" zone. 2. To put an object into the exile zone from whatever zone it's currently in. An "exiled" card is one that's been put into the exile zone. See rule 406, "Exile."
Expansion Symbol: A card's expansion symbol is a small icon normally printed below the right edge of the illustration that has no effect on game play. See rule 206, "Expansion Symbol."
Expend: A word found on some abilities that care how much mana a player has spent to cast spells this turn. See rule 700.14.
Exploit: A keyword ability that lets you sacrifice a creature for a benefit. See rule 702.110, "Exploit."
Explore: A keyword action that causes a player to reveal the top card of their library and then to take different actions depending on whether a land card is revealed this way. See rule 701.44, "Explore."
Extort: A keyword ability that lets you gain life and have opponents lose life whenever you cast a spell. See rule 702.101, "Extort."
Fabricate: A keyword ability that lets you choose whether to create Servo tokens or put +1/+1 counters on a creature. See rule 702.123, "Fabricate."
Face Down: 1. A card is "face down" if it's physically positioned so the card back is showing. Cards in some zones are normally kept face down. See section 4, "Zones." 2. A status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 702.37, "Morph." 3. Face-down spells have additional rules. See rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents," and rule 702.37, "Morph."
Face Up: 1. A card is "face up" if it's physically positioned so the card front is showing. Cards in some zones are normally kept face up. See section 4, "Zones." 2. A default status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 702.37, "Morph."
Face a Villainous Choice: A keyword action that causes a player to choose one of two listed choices. See rule 701.55, "Face a Villainous Choice."
Fading: A keyword ability that limits how long a permanent remains on the battlefield. See rule 702.32, "Fading."
Fateseal: To manipulate some of the cards on top of an opponent's library. See rule 701.29, "Fateseal."
Fear: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.36, "Fear."
Fight: When two creatures fight, each deals damage equal to its power to the other. See rule 701.14, "Fight."
Finality Counter: A counter that exiles the permanent it is on if that permanent would go to the graveyard from the battlefield. See rule 122.1h.
First Strike: A keyword ability that lets a creature deal its combat damage before other creatures. See rule 702.7, "First Strike."
Flanking: A keyword ability that can make a creature better in combat. See rule 702.25, "Flanking."
Flash: A keyword ability that lets a player play a card any time they could cast an instant. See rule 702.8, "Flash."
Flashback: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card from their graveyard. See rule 702.34, "Flashback."
Flavor Text: Text in italics (but not in parentheses) in the text box of a card that has no effect on play. See rule 207.2.
Flavor Word: An italicized word with no rules meaning that provides a flavorful description of an ability. See rule 207.2d.
Flip Cards: Cards with a two-part card frame (one part of which is printed upside down) on a single card. See rule 710, "Flip Cards."
Flipped: A status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 710, "Flip Cards." See also Unflipped.
Flipping a Coin: A method of randomization with two possible outcomes of equal likelihood. See rule 705, "Flipping a Coin."
Flying: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.9, "Flying."
Food Token: A Food token is a colorless artifact token with "{2}, {T}, Sacrifice this artifact: You gain 3 life." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
For Mirrodin!: A keyword ability that creates a 2/2 red Rebel creature token and then attaches the Equipment with the ability to that token. See rule 702.163, "For Mirrodin!"
Forage: To pay a cost of exiling three cards from your graveyard or sacrificing a Food. See rule 701.61, "Forage."
Forecast: A keyword ability that allows an activated ability to be activated from a player's hand. See rule 702.57, "Forecast."
Forest: One of the five basic land types. Any land with this subtype has the ability "{T}: Add {G}." See rule 305.6.
Forestcycling: See Typecycling.
Forestwalk: See Landwalk.
Foretell: A keyword ability that lets a player exile cards from their hand and cast them for an alternative cost on future turns. See rule 702.143, "Foretell."
Foretold: A card exiled using the foretell special action becomes foretold. Other effects can also make an exiled card foretold. A spell was foretold if it was a foretold card in exile before it was cast.
Fortification: An artifact subtype. Fortifications can be attached to lands. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.67, "Fortify."
Fortify: A keyword ability that lets a player attach a Fortification to a land they control. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.67, "Fortify."
Free-for-All: A multiplayer variant in which a group of players compete as individuals against each other. See rule 806, "Free-for-All Variant."
Freerunning: A keyword ability that allows certain spells to be cast for an alternative cost. See rule 702.173, "Freerunning."
Frenzy: A keyword ability that can make a creature better in combat. See rule 702.68, "Frenzy."
Friends Forever: A variant of the partner ability that lets two legendary creature cardss be your commander in the Commander variant rather than one if both have the "friends forever" ability. See rule 702.124, "Partner," and rule 903, "Commander."
Full Party: A player has a full party if the number of creatures in their party is four. See rule 700.8.
Fuse: A keyword ability that allows a player to cast both halves of a split card. See rule 702.102, "Fuse."
Fused Split Spell: A split card on the stack that has been cast using the fuse ability or a copy of such a card. See rule 702.102, "Fuse."
General: Any player in the Emperor multiplayer variant who isn't an emperor. See rule 809, "Emperor Variant."
Generic Mana: Mana in a cost represented by numerical symbols (such as {1}) or variable symbols (such as {X}) that can be paid with mana of any type. See rule 107.4.
Gift: A keyword ability that allows a spell's caster to choose an opponent as to receive a benefit as the spell resolves or when the permanent with the ability enters. See rule 702.174, "Gift."
Global Enchantment (Obsolete): An obsolete term for a non-Aura enchantment. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Goad: A keyword action that causes a creature to be goaded until a player's next turn. See rule 701.15, "Goad."
Goaded: A designation a permanent can have. Goaded creatures are forced to attack and to attack a player other than the player that caused it to be goaded. See rule 701.15, "Goad."
Gold Token: A Gold token is a colorless artifact token with "Sacrifice this artifact: Add one mana of any color." For more information on predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Graft: A keyword ability that has a permanent enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters on it and can move those counters to other creatures. See rule 702.58, "Graft."
Grand Melee: A multiplayer variant in which a large group of players (usually ten or more) compete as individuals against each other. See rule 807, "Grand Melee Variant."
Gravestorm: A keyword ability that creates copies of a spell. See rule 702.69, "Gravestorm."
Graveyard: 1. A zone. A player's graveyard is their discard pile. 2. All the cards in a player's graveyard. See rule 404, "Graveyard."
Hand: 1. A zone. A player's hand is where that player holds cards they have drawn but not played yet. 2. All the cards in a player's hand. See rule 402, "Hand."
Hand Modifier: A characteristic that only vanguards have. See rule 211, "Hand Modifier."
Harmonize: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card from their graveyard for a specific cost and lets them tap a creature they control to reduce that cost. See rule 702.180, "Harmonize."
Haste: A keyword ability that lets a creature ignore the "summoning sickness" rule. See rule 702.10, "Haste," and rule 302.6.
Haunt: A keyword ability that exiles cards. A card exiled this way "haunts" a creature targeted by the haunt ability. See rule 702.55, "Haunt."
Hexproof: A keyword ability that precludes a permanent or player from being targeted by an opponent. See rule 702.11, "Hexproof."
Hidden Agenda: A keyword ability that allows a conspiracy card to be put into the command zone face down. See rule 702.106, "Hidden Agenda."
Hidden Zone: A zone in which not all players can be expected to see the cards' faces. See rule 400.2. See also Public Zone.
Hideaway: A keyword ability that lets a player store a secret card. See rule 702.75, "Hideaway."
Historic: An object is historic if it has the legendary supertype, the artifact card type, or the Saga subtype. See rule 700.6.
Horsemanship: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.31, "Horsemanship."
Hybrid Card: A card with one or more hybrid mana symbols in its mana cost. See rule 202.2f.
Hybrid Mana Symbols: A mana symbol that represents a cost that can be paid in one of two ways. See rule 107.4.
Hybrid Phyrexian Mana Symbols: A mana symbol that represents a cost that can be paid in one of three ways. See rule 107.4.
If: See Intervening "If" Clause.
Illegal Action: An action that violates the rules of the game and/or requirements or restrictions created by effects. See rule 731, "Handling Illegal Actions."
Illegal Target: A target that no longer exists or no longer meets the specifications stated by the spell or ability that's targeting it. See rule 608.2b.
Illustration: A picture printed on the upper half of a card that has no effect on game play. See rule 203, "Illustration."
Illustration Credit: Information printed directly below the text box that has no effect on game play. See rule 213, "Information Below the Text Box."
Impending: An ability on some creatures that allows them to be cast for an alternative cost. If cast for its impending cost, it isn't a creature for some period of time. See rule 702.176, "Impending."
Imprint: "Imprint" used to be a keyword ability. It is now an ability word and has no rules meaning. All cards printed with the imprint keyword have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Improvise: A keyword ability that lets you tap artifacts rather than pay mana to cast a spell. See rule 702.126, "Improvise."
In Play (Obsolete): An obsolete term for the battlefield. Cards that were printed with text that contain the phrases "in play," "from play," "into play," or the like are referring to the battlefield and have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Battlefield.
In Response To: An instant spell that's been cast, or an activated ability that's been activated, while another spell or ability is on the stack has been cast or activated "in response to" the earlier spell or ability. See rule 117.7.
Incubate: A keyword action that creates an Incubator token with a specified number of +1/+1 counters on it. See rule 701.53, "Incubate."
Incubator Token: An Incubator token is a transforming double-faced token. Its front face is a colorless Incubator artifact with "{2}: Transform this artifact." Its back face is a 0/0 colorless Phyrexian artifact creature named "Phyrexian Token." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Independent: See Dependency.
Indestructible: A keyword ability that precludes a permanent from being destroyed. See rule 702.12.
Infect: A keyword ability that affects how an object deals damage to creatures and players. See rule 702.90, "Infect."
Ingest: A keyword ability that can exile the top card of a player's library. See rule 702.115, "Ingest."
Initiative: A designation a player can have. Some effects instruct a player to take the initiative. The player with the initiative ventures into Undercity whenever they take the initiative and at the beginning of their upkeep. See rule 724, "The Initiative."
Instant: A card type. An instant is not a permanent. See rule 304, "Instants."
Instead: Effects that use the word "instead" are replacement effects. The word "instead" indicates what an event will be replaced with. See rule 614, "Replacement Effects."
Interrupt (Obsolete): An obsolete card type. All cards printed with this card type are now instants. All abilities that, as printed, said a player could "play as an interrupt" can now be activated like any other activated abilities (unless they're mana abilities, in which case they follow those rules instead). All relevant cards have been given errata in the Oracle card reference.
Intervening "If" Clause: A specially worded condition checked as a triggered ability would trigger and again as it would resolve. See rule 603.4.
Intimidate: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.13, "Intimidate."
Investigate: A keyword action that creates a Clue artifact token. See rule 701.16, "Investigate."
Island: One of the five basic land types. Any land with this subtype has the ability "{T}: Add {U}." See rule 305.6.
Islandcycling: See Typecycling.
Islandhome (Obsolete): An obsolete keyword ability that meant "This creature can't attack unless defending player controls an Island" and "When you control no Islands, sacrifice this creature." Cards printed with this ability have been given errata in the Oracle card reference.
Islandwalk: See Landwalk.
Job Select: A keyword ability that creates a 1/1 colorless Hero creature token and then attaches the Equipment with the ability to that token. See rule 702.182, "Job Select."
Jump-Start: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card from their graveyard by discarding a card. See rule 702.133, "Jump-Start."
Junk Token: A Junk token is a colorless artifact token with {T}, Sacrifice this artifact: Exile the top card of your library. You may play that card this turn. Activate only as a sorcery." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Keyword Ability: A game term, such as "flying" or "haste," used as shorthand for a longer ability or group of abilities. See rule 702, "Keyword Abilities."
Keyword Action: A verb, such as "destroy" or "cast," used as a game term rather than as its normal English meaning. See rule 701, "Keyword Actions."
Keyword Counter: A marker placed on an object that modifies its characteristics by granting it a keyword. See rule 122, "Counters."
Kicker, Kicked: Kicker is a keyword ability that represents an optional additional cost. A spell has been kicked if its controller declared the intention to pay any or all of its kicker costs. See rule 702.33, "Kicker."
Kindred: A card type. Whether or not a kindred is a permanent depends on its other card type. See rule 308, "Kindreds."
Land: A card type. A land is a permanent. See rule 305, "Lands."
Land Type: A subtype that's correlated to the land card type. See rule 305, "Lands." See rule 205.3i for the list of land types.
Landwalk: A generic term for a group of keyword abilities that restrict whether a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.14, "Landwalk."
Last Known Information: Information about an object that's no longer in the zone it's expected to be in, or information about a player who's no longer in the game. This information captures that object's last existence in that zone or that player's last existence in the game. See rules 113.7a, 608.2b, 608.2h, and 800.4h.
Layer: A system used to determine in which order continuous effects are applied. See rule 613, "Interaction of Continuous Effects." See also Dependency, Timestamp Order.
Learn: A keyword action that lets a player add a Lesson card to their hand from outside the game or discard a card to draw a card. See rule 701.48, "Learn."
Leaves the Battlefield: A permanent "leaves the battlefield" when it's moved from the battlefield to another zone, or (if it's phased in) when it leaves the game because its owner leaves the game. See rules 603.6c and 603.10.
Legal Text: Information printed directly below the text box that has no effect on game play. See rule 213, "Information Below the Text Box."
Legend (Obsolete): An obsolete creature type. Cards printed with this subtype have been given errata in the Oracle card reference so they have the legendary supertype instead. See Legendary.
Legend Rule: A state-based action that causes a player who controls two or more legendary permanents with the same name to put all but one into their owners' graveyards. See rule 704.5j.
Legendary: A supertype that's normally relevant on permanents. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes." See also Legend Rule.
Lethal Damage: An amount of damage greater than or equal to a creature's toughness. See rules 120.4a, 120.6, 510.1, and 704.5g.
Level: A numerical designation a permanent may have. A Class enchantment's level determines what other abilities it has. See rule 716, "Class Cards."
Level Symbol: A symbol that represents a keyword ability indicating abilities, power, and toughness a leveler card may have. See rule 107.8 and rule 711, "Leveler Cards."
Level Up: A keyword ability that can put level counters on a creature. See rule 702.87, "Level Up." For class level abilities of Class cards, see rule 716, "Class Cards."
Leveler Cards: Cards with striated text boxes and three power/toughness boxes. See rule 711, "Leveler Cards."
Library: 1. A zone. A player's library is where that player draws cards from. 2. All the cards in a player's library. See rule 401, "Library."
Life Modifier: A characteristic that only vanguards have. See rule 212, "Life Modifier."
Life, Life Total: Each player has an amount of "life," represented by that player's "life total." Life may be gained or lost. See rule 119, "Life."
Lifelink: A keyword ability that causes a player to gain life. See rule 702.15, "Lifelink."
Limited: A way of playing in which each player gets a quantity of unopened Magic product and creates their own deck on the spot. See rule 100.2.
Limited Range of Influence: An optional rule used in some multiplayer games that limits what a player can affect. See rule 801, "Limited Range of Influence Option."
Linked Abilities: Two abilities printed on the same object such that one of them causes actions to be taken or objects to be affected and the other one directly refers to those actions or objects. See rule 607, "Linked Abilities."
Living Metal: A keyword ability found on some Vehicles that turns them into a creature during your turn. See rule 702.161, "Living Metal."
Living Weapon: A keyword ability that creates a 0/0 black Phyrexian Germ creature token and then attaches the Equipment with the ability to that token. See rule 702.92, "Living Weapon."
Local Enchantment (Obsolete): An obsolete term for an Aura. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Lock: To remove an unlocked designation from a permanent that has one or more unlocked halves. See rule 709.5g.
Locked: One half of a split permanent is "locked" if it doesn't have the appropriate unlocked designation. See rule 709.5.
London Mulligan: Informal term for the current system of mulligan rules. See rule 103.5.
Loop: A set of actions that could be repeated indefinitely. See rule 730, "Taking Shortcuts."
Lose the Game: There are several ways to lose the game. See rule 104, "Ending the Game," rule 810.8 (for additional rules for Two-Headed Giant games), rule 809.5 (for additional rules for Emperor games), and rule 903.10 (for an additional rule for Commander games).
Loyalty: 1. Part of a card that only planeswalker cards have. A planeswalker card's loyalty is printed in its lower right corner. See rule 209, "Loyalty." 2. A characteristic that only planeswalkers have. See rule 306.5.
Loyalty Ability: An activated ability with a loyalty symbol in its cost. See rule 606, "Loyalty Abilities."
Madness: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card they discard. See rule 702.35, "Madness."
Main Game: The game in which a spell (or ability) that created a subgame was cast (or activated). See rule 727, "Subgames."
Main Phase: Part of the turn. The first, or precombat, main phase is the second phase of the turn. The second, or postcombat, main phase is the fourth phase of the turn. See rule 505, "Main Phase."
Mana: The primary resource in the game. It is spent to pay costs, usually when casting spells and activating abilities. See rule 106, "Mana," rule 107.4, and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
Mana Ability: An activated or triggered ability that could create mana and doesn't use the stack. See rule 605, "Mana Abilities."
Mana Burn (Obsolete): Older versions of the rules stated that unspent mana caused a player to lose life; this was called "mana burn." That rule no longer exists.
Mana Cost: A characteristic, and part of a card. A card's mana cost is indicated by the mana symbols printed in its upper right corner. See rule 107.4 and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
Mana Pool: Where mana created by an effect is temporarily stored. See rule 106.4.
Mana Source (Obsolete): An obsolete card type. All cards printed with this card type are now instants. All abilities that, as printed, said a player could "play as a mana source" are now mana abilities. All relevant cards have been given errata in the Oracle card reference.
Mana Symbol: An icon that represents mana or a mana cost. See rule 107.4.
Mana Value: The total amount of mana in a mana cost, regardless of color. See rule 202.3.
Manifest: A keyword action that puts a card onto the battlefield face down as a 2/2 creature. See rule 701.40, "Manifest," and rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."
Manifest Dread: A keyword action that puts one of the top two cards of your library onto the battlefield face down as a 2/2 creature. See rule 701.62, "Manifest Dread," rule 701.40, "Manifest," and rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."
Map: A Map token is a colorless Map artifact token with "{1}, {T}, Sacrifice this artifact: Target creature you control explores. Activate only as a sorcery." See rule 701.44, "Explore." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 110.10.
Match: A multiplayer game or a two-player series of games (usually best-two-of-three) played in a tournament. See rule 100.6.
Max Speed: 1. A player has max speed if their speed is 4. See rule 702.179, "Start Your Engines!" 2. A keyword ability that grants an ability to the permanent or card it's on only if that permanent's controller (or that card's owner, if it isn't on the battlefield) has a speed of 4. See rule 702.178, "Max Speed."
Maximum Hand Size: The number of cards in hand a player must discard down to during their cleanup step. See rule 402.2 and 514.1.
Megamorph: A variant of the morph ability that puts a +1/+1 counter on the creature as it turns face up. See rule 702.37, "Morph."
Meld: To turn two members of a meld pair so their back faces are up and combined into one oversized Magic card. See rule 701.42, "Meld."
Meld Cards: Cards with a Magic card face on one side and half of an oversized Magic card face on the other. See rule 712, "Double-Faced Cards."
Melee: A keyword ability that improves an attacking creature based on the number of opponents you attacked. See rule 702.121, "Melee."
Menace: An evasion ability that makes creatures unblockable by a single creature. See rule 702.111, "Menace."
Mentor: A keyword ability that lets your bigger creatures power up your smaller creatures when they attack together. See rule 702.134, "Mentor."
Merged Permanent: A card or token may merge with a permanent to form a merged permanent. This merged permanent is represented by more than one card and/or token. See rule 728, "Merging with Permanents."
Mill: To mill a number of cards, a player puts that many cards from the top of their library into their graveyard. See rule 701.17.
Minimum Deck Size: If a rule or effect states that a player's deck must contain at least a specific number of cards, that number is the player's minimum deck size.
Miracle: A keyword ability that lets you cast a spell for a reduced cost if it's the first card you draw in a turn. See rule 702.94, "Miracle."
Mobilize: A keyword ability that creates a number of tapped and attacking red Warrior creature tokens that are sacrificed at the beginning of the next end step. See rule 702.181, "Mobilize."
Modal Double-Faced Cards: One of two kinds of double-faced cards. Modal double-faced cards can be played with either of their two faces up and can't transform. See rule 712, "Double-Faced Cards."
Modal, Mode: A spell or ability is "modal" if it has two or more options in a bulleted list preceded by instructions for a player to choose a number of those options, such as "Choose one --." See rule 700.2.
Modified: A modified creature is a creature that has a counter on it, is equipped, or is enchanted by an Aura its controller also controls. See rule 700.9.
Modular: A keyword ability that has a permanent enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters on it and can move those counters to other artifact creatures. See rule 702.43, "Modular."
Monarch: A designation a player can have. Some effects instruct a player to become the monarch. The monarch draws a card at the beginning of their end step. Dealing combat damage to the monarch steals the title from that player. See rule 723, "The Monarch."
Mono Artifact (Obsolete): An obsolete term that appeared on the type line of artifacts with activated abilities that caused the artifact to become tapped as a cost. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to simply say "Artifact," and those abilities now include the tap symbol in their costs.
Monocolored: An object with exactly one color is monocolored. Colorless objects aren't monocolored. See rule 105, "Colors," and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
Monocolored Hybrid Mana Symbols: See Hybrid Mana Symbols.
Monstrosity: A keyword action that puts +1/+1 counters on a creature and makes it become monstrous. See rule 701.37, "Monstrosity."
Monstrous: A designation given to a creature whose ability including a monstrosity instruction has resolved. See rule 701.37, "Monstrosity."
More Than Meets the Eye: A keyword ability that allows some cards to be cast converted. See rule 702.162, "More Than Meets the Eye," and rule 701.28, "Convert."
Morph: A keyword ability that lets a card be cast face down as a 2/2 creature. See rule 702.37, "Morph," and rule 708, "Face-Down Spells and Permanents."
Mountain: One of the five basic land types. Any land with this subtype has the ability "{T}: Add {R}." See rule 305.6.
Mountaincycling: See Typecycling.
Mountainwalk: See Landwalk.
Move: To remove a counter from one object and put it on a different object. See rule 122.5. Some older cards used "move" with respect to Auras; those cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference and now use the word "attach."
Mulligan: To take a mulligan is to reject a prospective opening hand in favor of a new one. See rule 103.5.
Multicolored: An object with two or more colors is multicolored. Multicolored is not a color. See rule 105, "Colors," and rule 202, "Mana Cost and Color."
Multikicker: Multikicker is a variant of the kicker keyword ability. It represents an optional additional cost that may be paid any number of times. See rule 702.33, "Kicker." See also Kicker.
Multiplayer Game: A game that begins with more than two players. See section 8, "Multiplayer Rules."
Mutate: A keyword that lets a creature card be cast as a mutating creature spell. See rule 702.140, "Mutate."
Mutating Creature Spell: A creature spell cast using the mutate keyword ability. As it resolves, if its target creature is legal, it merges with the target creature. The resulting creature has all characteristics of the topmost component and has the abilities of each component. See rule 702.140, "Mutate," and rule 728, "Merging with Permanents."
Myriad: Myriad is a triggered ability that effectively lets a creature attack in all possible directions. See rule 702.116, "Myriad."
Name: A characteristic, and part of a card. A card's name is printed in its upper left corner. See rule 201, "Name."
Night: Along with day, a designation the game can have. See rule 729, "Day and Night," and rule 702.145, "Daybound and Nightbound."
Nightbound: An ability found on the back faces of some double-faced cards. Cards with daybound and nightbound are face up when it's day and face down when it's night. See rule 702.145, "Daybound and Nightbound," and rule 729, "Day and Night."
Ninjutsu: A keyword ability that lets a creature suddenly enter combat. See rule 702.49, "Ninjutsu."
Nonbasic Land: Any land that doesn't have the supertype "basic." See rule 205.4, "Supertypes."
Nontraditional Magic Card: A card not included in players' decks. It may be oversized or have a card back other than a "Deckmaster" back. See rule 108.2.
Object: An ability on the stack, a card, a copy of a card, an emblem, a token, a spell, or a permanent. See rule 109, "Objects."
Offering: A keyword ability that modifies when you can cast a spell and how much mana you need to spend to do it. See rule 702.48, "Offering."
Offspring: A keyword ability that allows you to pay an additional cost as you cast a creature spell to create a 1/1 token that's a copy of that permanent when it enters the battlefield. See rule 702.175, "Offspring."
Omen Card: Cards with a two-part card frame (one part of which is inset on the left) on a single card where the alternative characteristics include the Omen spell type. See rule 720, "Omen Cards."
One-Shot Effect: An effect that does something just once and doesn't have a duration. See rule 610, "One-Shot Effects." See also Continuous Effects.
Ongoing: A supertype that appears only on scheme cards. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes."
Opening Hand: The hand of cards a player starts the game with, once the player has decided not to take any further mulligans. See rule 103.5.
Opponent: Someone a player is playing against. See rules 102.2 and 102.3.
Option: An additional rule or set of rules that can be used in a multiplayer game. See rule 800.2.
Oracle: The reference that contains the up-to-date wordings (in English) for all tournament-legal cards. A card's Oracle text can be found using the Gatherer card database at Gatherer.Wizards.com. See rule 108.1.
Outlast: A keyword ability that allows a creature to grow larger over time. See rule 702.107, "Outlast."
Outside the Game: An object is "outside the game" if it isn't in any of the game's zones. See rule 400.11.
Overload: A keyword ability that allows a spell to affect either a single target or many objects. See rule 702.96, "Overload."
Owner: The player who (for purposes of the game) a card, permanent, token, or spell belongs to. See rules 108.3, 110.2, 111.2, and 112.2.
Paired: A term that describes a creature that's been affected by a soulbond ability. See rule 702.95, "Soulbond."
Paris Mulligan: Informal term for a previous system of taking a mulligan. Using the Paris mulligan, a player who took a mulligan shuffled their hand into their library and drew one fewer card. For current mulligan rules, see rule 103.5.
Partner, "Partner with [name]": A keyword ability that lets two legendary creatures or planeswalkers be your commander in the Commander variant rather than one. "Partner with [name]" is a specialized version of the ability that works even outside of the Commander variant to help two cards reach the battlefield together. See rule 702.124, "Partner," and rule 903, "Commander."
Party: Some cards refer to the number of creatures in your party. A player's party includes up to one each of Cleric, Rogue, Warrior, and Wizard. See rule 700.8.
Pass: To decline to take any action (such as casting a spell or activating an ability) when you have priority. See rule 117, "Timing and Priority."
Pass in Succession: All players "pass in succession" if each player in the game (starting with any one of them) opts not to take an action upon receiving priority. See rule 117, "Timing and Priority."
Pawprint Symbol: A symbol shaped like a pawprint that is used to indicate the modes on some modal spells. See rule 700.2i.
Pay: To perform the actions required by a cost. This often means, but is not restricted to, spending resources such as mana or life. See rule 118, "Costs."
Permanent: A card or token on the battlefield. See rule 110, "Permanents."
Permanent Card: A card that could be put onto the battlefield. See rule 110.4a.
Permanent Spell: A spell that will enter the battlefield as a permanent as part of its resolution. See rule 110.4b.
Permanently (Obsolete): An obsolete term used to indicate that a continuous effect has no duration and thus lasts until the end of the game. Cards printed with this term have received errata in the Oracle card reference to delete it.
Persist: A keyword ability that can return a creature from the graveyard to the battlefield. See rule 702.79, "Persist."
Phase: 1. A subsection of a turn. See section 5, "Turn Structure." 2. A permanent "phases in" when its status changes from phased out to phased in. A permanent "phases out" when its status changes from phased in to phased out. See rule 702.26, "Phasing."
Phased In, Phased Out: A status a permanent may have. Phased-in is the default status. Phased-out permanents are treated as though they do not exist. See rule 110.5 and rule 702.26, "Phasing." ("Phased-out" was a zone in older versions of the rules.)
Phasing: A keyword ability that causes a permanent to sometimes be treated as though it does not exist. See rule 702.26, "Phasing."
Phenomenon: A card type seen only on nontraditional Magic cards in the Planechase casual variant. A phenomenon card is not a permanent. See rule 312, "Phenomena."
Phyrexian Mana Symbol: A mana symbol that represents a cost that can be paid either by spending colored mana or by paying life. See rule 107.4.
Phyrexian Symbol: A symbol used in rules text to represent any of the five Phyrexian mana symbols. See rule 107.4g.
Pile: A temporary grouping of cards. See rule 700.3.
Placed: (Obsolete) Some spells and abilities previously referred to a counter being "placed" on a permanent. These cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to use the term "put" instead. Due to a rules change, these cards continue to function as they did before. See rule 122, "Counters."
Plains: One of the five basic land types. Any land with this subtype has the ability "{T}: Add {W}." See rule 305.6.
Plainscycling: See Typecycling.
Plainswalk: See Landwalk.
Planar Deck: A deck of at least ten plane cards needed to play the Planechase casual variant. See rule 901.3.
Planar Die: A specialized six-sided die needed to play the Planechase casual variant. See rule 901.3.
Plane: A card type seen only on nontraditional Magic cards in the Planechase casual variant. A plane card is not a permanent. See rule 311, "Planes."
Planechase: A casual variant in which plane cards and phenomenon cards add additional abilities and randomness to the game. See rule 901, "Planechase."
Planeswalk: To put each face-up plane card or phenomenon card on the bottom of its owner's planar deck face down, then move the top card of your planar deck off that planar deck and turn it face up in a Planechase game. See rule 701.31, "Planeswalk."
Planeswalker: A card type. A planeswalker is a permanent. See rule 306, "Planeswalkers."
Planeswalker Symbol: The Planeswalker symbol appears on the planar die in the Planechase casual variant. See rule 107.11.
Planeswalker Type: A subtype that's correlated to the planeswalker card type. See rule 306, "Planeswalkers." See rule 205.3j for the list of planeswalker types.
Planeswalker Uniqueness Rule (Obsolete): Older versions of the rules stated that a player who controlled two or more planeswalkers with the same planeswalker type would put all but one of those planeswalkers into their owners' graveyards. This rule was called the "planeswalker uniqueness rule" and no longer exists.
Play: 1. To play a land is to put a land onto the battlefield as a special action. See rule 116, "Special Actions," and rule 305, "Lands." 2. To play a card is to play that card as a land or cast that card as a spell, whichever is appropriate. See rule 601, "Casting Spells." 3. (Obsolete) Casting a spell used to be known as playing a spell. Cards with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Cast. 4. (Obsolete) Activating an activated ability used to be known as playing an activated ability. Cards with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Activate. 5. (Obsolete) The battlefield used to be known as the in-play zone. Cards that were printed with text that contains the phrases "in play," "from play," "into play," or the like are referring to the battlefield and have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Battlefield.
Player: One of the people in the game. See rule 102, "Players."
Plot: A keyword ability that lets a player exile cards from their hand and cast them without paying their mana cost on future turns. See rule 702.170, "Plot."
Plotted: A card exiled using the plot special action becomes plotted. Other effects can also make an exiled card plotted. See rule 702.170, "Plot."
Poison Counter: A counter that may be given to a player. See rule 122, "Counters," and rule 704.5c.
Poisoned: Having one or more poison counters. See rule 122, "Counters."
Poisonous: A keyword ability that causes a player to get poison counters. See rule 702.70, "Poisonous."
Poly Artifact (Obsolete): An obsolete term that appeared on the type line of artifacts with activated abilities that didn't cause the artifact to be tapped as a cost. Cards printed with this text have received errata in the Oracle card reference to simply say "Artifact."
Populate: A keyword action that creates a copy of a creature token you control. See rule 701.36, "Populate."
Postcombat Main Phase: A main phase that occurs after a combat phase. See Main Phase.
Power: 1. Part of a card that only creature cards have. A creature card's power is printed before the slash in its lower right corner. See rule 208, "Power/Toughness." 2. A characteristic that only creatures have. See rule 302.4.
Powerstone Token: A Powerstone token is a colorless artifact token with "{T}: Add {C}. This mana can't be spent to cast a nonartifact spell." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Precombat Main Phase: The first main phase of a turn. See Main Phase.
Prevent: A word used by prevention effects to indicate what damage will not be dealt. See rule 615, "Prevention Effects."
Prevention Effect: A kind of continuous effect that watches for a damage event that would happen and completely or partially prevents the damage that would be dealt. See rule 615, "Prevention Effects."
Priority: Which player can take actions at any given time is determined by a system of "priority." See rule 117, "Timing and Priority."
Prize: An additional reward for visiting some Attractions. See rule 702.159, "Visit."
Proliferate: To give an additional counter to any number of players and/or permanents of each kind they already have. See rule 701.34, "Proliferate."
Protect, Protector: Each battle has a player designated as its protector, and that player protects that battle. See rule 310.8.
Protection: A keyword ability that provides a range of benefits against objects with a specific quality. See rule 702.16, "Protection."
Prototype: An ability which allows a prototype card to be cast with a secondary set of characteristics. See rule 718, "Prototype Cards," and rule 702.160, "Prototype."
Prototype Card: Cards with a two-part card frame (one part of which is inset under the type line) on a single card. See rule 718, "Prototype Cards."
Provoke: A keyword ability that can force a creature to block. See rule 702.39, "Provoke."
Prowess: A keyword ability that causes a creature to get +1/+1 whenever its controller casts a noncreature spell. See rule 702.108, "Prowess."
Prowl: A keyword ability that may allow a spell to be cast for an alternative cost. See rule 702.76, "Prowl."
Public Zone: A zone in which all players can be expected to see the cards' faces. See rule 400.2. See also Hidden Zone.
Rad Counter: A type of counter a player can have that causes that player to mill cards at the beginning of their precombat main phase, then lose 1 life and remove one rad counter for each nonland card milled this way. See rule 122, "Counters," and rule 726, "Rad Counters."
Rampage: A keyword ability that can make a creature better in combat. See rule 702.23, "Rampage."
Range of Influence: See Limited Range of Influence.
Ravenous: A keyword ability found on some creature cards with {X} in their mana cost. The creature enters the battlefield with X +1/+1 counters on it, and you draw a card if X is 5 or more. See rule 702.156, "Ravenous."
Reach: A keyword ability that allows a creature to block an attacking creature with flying. See rule 702.17, "Reach." See also Flying.
Read Ahead: A keyword ability found on some Sagas that allows their controller to choose which chapter it starts on. See rule 702.155, "Read Ahead."
Rebound: A keyword ability that allows an instant or sorcery spell to be cast a second time. See rule 702.88, "Rebound."
Reconfigure: A keyword ability that allows an Equipment creature to temporarily stop being a creature and become attached to another creature. See rule 702.151, "Reconfigure."
Recover: A keyword ability that lets a player return a card from their graveyard to their hand. See rule 702.59, "Recover."
Redirect (Obsolete): Some older cards were printed with the term "redirect" to indicate a redirection effect. Such cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference so they explicitly state that damage that would be dealt to one object or player is dealt "instead" to another. See Redirection Effect.
Redirection Effect: A kind of replacement effect that causes damage that would be dealt to one creature, planeswalker, or player to be dealt instead to another creature, planeswalker, or player. See rule 614.9.
Reflexive Triggered Ability: An ability that triggers based on actions taken earlier during a spell or ability's resolution. See rule 603.12.
Regenerate: To replace a permanent's destruction with an alternate sequence of events. See rule 701.19, "Regenerate."
Reinforce: A keyword ability that lets a player put +1/+1 counters on a creature. See rule 702.77, "Reinforce."
Reminder Text: Parenthetical text in italics in the text box of a card that summarizes a rule that applies to that card, but is not actually rules text and has no effect on play. See rule 207.2.
Remove from the Game, Removed, Removed-from-the-Game Zone (Obsolete): "Remove [something] from the game" is an obsolete term for "exile [something]." "The removed card" is an obsolete term for "the exiled card." The removed-from-the-game zone is an obsolete term for the exile zone. Cards with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Exile.
Removed from Combat: Certain events can cause an attacking or blocking creature, or a planeswalker that's being attacked, to be "removed from combat." A permanent that's removed from combat has no further involvement in that combat phase. See rule 506.4.
Renown: A keyword ability that makes a creature stronger after it deals combat damage to a player. See rule 702.112, "Renown."
Renowned: A designation given to a permanent as a result of the renown ability. See rule 702.112, "Renown."
Replacement Effect: A kind of continuous effect that watches for a particular event that would happen and completely or partially replaces that event with a different event. See rule 614, "Replacement Effects."
Replicate: A keyword ability that creates copies of a spell. See rule 702.56, "Replicate."
Requirement: An effect that forces one or more creatures to attack or block. See rules 508.1d and 509.1c.
Resolve: When the spell or ability on top of the stack "resolves," its instructions are followed and it has its effect. See rule 608, "Resolving Spells and Abilities."
Respond: To cast an instant spell or activate an ability while another spell or ability is already on the stack. See rule 117.7.
Restart the Game: To immediately end the current game and restart it. See rule 104, "Ending the Game."
Restriction: An effect that precludes one or more creatures from attacking or blocking. See rules 508.1c and 509.1b.
Retrace: A keyword ability that lets a player cast a card from their graveyard. See rule 702.81, "Retrace."
Reveal: To show a card to all players for a brief time. See rule 701.20, "Reveal."
Ring-bearer: A designation that a creature can be given as the Ring tempts you. See rule 701.54, "The Ring Tempts You."
Riot: A keyword ability that lets a player choose whether certain creatures enter the battlefield with haste or with a +1/+1 counter. See rule 702.136, "Riot."
Ripple: A keyword ability that may let a player cast extra cards from their library for no cost. See rule 702.60, "Ripple."
Role: Roles are colorless enchantment tokens. Each one has the Aura and Role subtypes and the enchant creature ability. If a permanent has more than one Role attached to it controlled by the same player, each of those Roles except the one with the most recent timestamp is put into its owner's graveyard. See rule 303.7 and rules 111.10j-r.
Roll a d20: To roll a twenty-sided die. Similarly, a d4 is a four-sided die, a d6 is a six-sided die, and so on. See rule 706, "Rolling a Die."
Room: 1. A subsection of a dungeon card. See rule 309, "Dungeons." 2. An enchantment subtype found on some split cards. See rule 709, "Split Cards."
Room Ability: A triggered ability that triggers whenever a player moves their venture marker into a room of a dungeon card. See rule 309, "Dungeons."
Rules Text: A characteristic that defines a card's abilities. See rule 207.1.
Sacrifice: To move a permanent you control to its owner's graveyard. See rule 701.21, "Sacrifice."
Saddle: A keyword ability that lets you tap creatures to make another creature "saddled" until end of turn. See rule 702.171, "Saddle."
Saddled: A designation given to a creature whose saddle ability has resolved. See rule 702.171, "Saddle."
Saga: An enchantment subtype. Sagas have a number of chapter abilities that take effect over a number of turns to tell a story. See rule 714, "Saga Cards."
Scavenge: A keyword ability that allows you to exile a creature card from your graveyard to put +1/+1 counters on a creature. See rule 702.97, "Scavenge."
Scheme: A card type seen only on nontraditional Magic cards in the Archenemy casual variant. A scheme card is not a permanent. See rule 314, "Schemes."
Scheme Deck: A deck of at least twenty scheme cards needed to play the Archenemy casual variant. See rule 904.3.
Scry: To manipulate some of the cards on top of your library. See rule 701.22, "Scry."
Search: To look at all cards in a stated zone and possibly find a card that matches a given description. See rule 701.23, "Search."
Secondary Title Bar: A smaller name line with the Oracle reference name of a card which has an alternate name in its upper left corner. See rule 201.6.
Set Aside (Obsolete): "Set [something] aside" is an obsolete term for "exile [something]." Cards with that text have received errata in the Oracle card reference. See Exile.
Set in Motion: To move a scheme card off the top of your scheme deck and turn it face up. See rule 701.32, "Set in Motion."
Shadow: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked and which creatures it can block. See rule 702.28, "Shadow."
Shard Token: A Shard token is a colorless enchantment token with "{2}, Sacrifice this enchantment: Scry 1, then draw a card." For more information on predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Shared Life Total: In the Two-Headed Giant multiplayer variant, each team has a "shared life total" rather than each player having an individual life total. See rule 810, "Two-Headed Giant Variant."
Shared Team Turns Option: An option that may be used in certain multiplayer variants, such as Two-Headed Giant and Archenemy. See rule 805, "Shared Team Turns Option."
Shield Counter: A counter that protects a permanent from being damaged or destroyed. See rule 122.1c.
Shortcut: A mutually understood way for the game to advance forward a number of game choices (either taking an action or passing priority) without players needing to explicitly identify each such choice. See rule 730, "Taking Shortcuts."
Shroud: A keyword ability that precludes a permanent or player from being targeted. See rule 702.18, "Shroud."
Shuffle: To randomize the cards in a deck (before a game) or library (during a game). See rule 103.3 and rule 701.24.
Sideboard: Extra cards that may be used to modify a deck between games of a match. See rules 100.4.
Siege: A battle subtype. Only an opponent of a Siege's controller can be its protector. When the last defense counter is removed, its controller exiles the Siege, then they may cast it transformed without paying its mana cost. See rule 310.11.
Silver-Bordered: Cards in certain sets and certain promotional cards are printed with a silver border. Silver-bordered cards are intended for casual play and may have features and text that aren't covered by these rules.
Skip: Effects that use the word "skip" are replacement effects. The word "skip" indicates what events, steps, phases, or turns will be replaced with nothing. See rule 614, "Replacement Effects."
Skulk: A keyword ability that restricts how a creature may be blocked. See rule 702.118, "Skulk."
Slivercycling: See Typecycling.
Snow: A supertype that's normally relevant on permanents. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes."
Snow Mana Symbol: The snow mana symbol {S} represents a cost that can be paid with one mana produced by a snow source. It can also represent mana from a snow source that was spent to pay a cost. See rule 107.4h.
Snow-Covered (Obsolete): Some older cards were printed with the term "snow-covered" in their rules text. Except when referencing card names, such cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to reference the supertype "snow" instead. See Snow.
Solved: 1. A designation a Case may have, allowing its last ability to affect the game. See rule 719, "Case Cards." 2. A keyword ability of Case cards that affects the game only if the Case has the solved designation. See rule 702.169, "Solved."
Sorcery: A card type. A sorcery is not a permanent. See rule 307, "Sorceries."
Soulbond: A keyword ability that makes creatures better by pairing them together. See rule 702.95, "Soulbond."
Soulshift: A keyword ability that lets a player return a card from their graveyard to their hand. See rule 702.46, "Soulshift."
Source of Damage: The object that dealt that damage. See rule 609.7.
Source of Mana: The spell that produced mana or the source of the ability that produced mana. See rule 106.3.
Source of an Ability: The object that generated that ability. See rule 113.7.
Space Sculptor: A keyword ability that splits creatures on the battlefield into sectors. See rule 702.158, "Space Sculptor."
Special Action: An action a player may take that doesn't use the stack. See rule 116, "Special Actions."
Spectacle: A keyword ability that allows certain spells to be cast for an alternative cost if an opponent has lost life. See rule 702.137, "Spectacle."
Speed: Speed is a value that a player can have. See rule 702.179, "Start Your Engines!"
Spell: A card on the stack. Also a copy (of either a card or another spell) on the stack. See rule 112, "Spells."
Spell Ability: A kind of ability. Spell abilities are abilities that are followed as instructions while an instant or sorcery spell is resolving. See rule 113.3a.
Spell Type: A subtype that's correlated to the instant card type and the sorcery card type. See rule 304, "Instants," and rule 307, "Sorceries." See rule 205.3k for the list of spell types.
Splice: A keyword ability that lets a player add a card's rules text onto another spell. See rule 702.47, "Splice."
Split Cards: Cards with two card faces on a single card. See rule 709, "Split Cards."
Split Second: A keyword ability that makes it nearly impossible for a player to respond to a spell. See rule 702.61, "Split Second."
Spree: An ability found on some modal spells that allows you to choose one or more modes and requires you to pay additional costs for those modes. See rule 702.172, "Spree."
Squad: A keyword ability that creates copies of a creature when it enters the battlefield. See rule 702.157, "Squad."
Stack: A zone. The stack is the zone in which spells, activated abilities, and triggered abilities wait to resolve. See rule 405, "Stack."
Start Your Engines!: A keyword ability that gives a player a speed of 1 if they have no speed. Once a player has speed, their speed increases once on each of their turns when an opponent loses life. See rule 702.179, "Start Your Engines!"
Starting Deck: After a player has set aside their sideboard, their remaining deck becomes their starting deck. See rule 103.2a.
Starting Hand Size: The number of cards a player draws as a game begins. In most games, each player's starting hand size is seven. See rule 103.5.
Starting Life Total: The amount of life a player has as a game begins. In most games, each player's starting life total is 20. See rule 103.4.
Starting Player: The player chosen to take the first turn of a game. See rule 103.1.
Starting Team: The team chosen to take the first turn of a game using the shared team turns option. See rule 103.1.
State Trigger: A triggered ability that triggers when a game state is true rather than triggering when an event occurs. See rule 603.8.
State-Based Actions: Game actions that happen automatically whenever certain conditions are met. See rule 704, "State-Based Actions."
Static Ability: A kind of ability. Static abilities do something all the time rather than being activated or triggered. See rule 113, "Abilities," and rule 604, "Handling Static Abilities."
Status: The physical state of a permanent. See rule 110.5.
Step: A subsection of a phase. See section 5, "Turn Structure."
Sticker: A marker placed on an object that modifies its characteristics or interacts with a rule or effect. See rule 123, "Stickers."
Sticker Kicker: A kicker variant that can add a sticker to the spell with the ability and give a player a ticket counter. See rule 702.33h.
Sticker Sheet: The collection of stickers found on an insert in Unfinity booster packs. See rule 123, "Stickers."
Storm: A keyword ability that creates copies of a spell. See rule 702.40, "Storm."
Stun Counter: A counter that stops a permanent from untapping. See rule 122.1d.
Subgame: A completely separate Magic game created by an effect. See rule 727, "Subgames."
Substitute Card: A game supplement with a Magic card back that can be used to represent a double-faced card or meld card. See rule 713, "Substitute Cards."
Subtype: A characteristic that appears after the card type and a long dash on a card's type line. See rule 205.3, "Subtypes."
Successfully Cast (Obsolete): A term that was printed on some older cards. In general, cards that referred to a spell being "successfully cast" have received errata in the Oracle card reference to simply refer to a spell being "cast."
Summon (Obsolete): Older creature cards were printed with "Summon [creature type]" on their type lines. All such cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to say "Creature -- [creature type]." (Many of these cards' creature types have also been updated.) See Creature.
Summoning Sickness Rule: Informal term for a player's inability to attack with a creature or to activate its abilities that include the tap symbol or the untap symbol unless the creature has been under that player's control since the beginning of that player's most recent turn. See rule 302.6. See also Haste.
Sunburst: A keyword ability that can have a permanent enter the battlefield with +1/+1 counters or charge counters on it. See rule 702.44, "Sunburst."
Supertype: A characteristic that appears before the card type on a card's type line. Most cards don't have a supertype. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes."
Supervillain Rumble: A Free-for-All game in which each player is an archenemy. See rule 806, "Free-for-All," and rule 904, "Archenemy."
Support: A keyword action that lets you put +1/+1 counters on creatures. See rule 701.41, "Support."
Surge: A keyword ability that provides an alternative cost to cast a card if you or one of your teammates has cast another spell in the same turn. See rule 702.117, "Surge."
Surveil: To manipulate some of the cards on top of your library, sending some of them to your graveyard and rearranging the rest. See rule 701.25, "Surveil."
Suspend: A keyword ability that provides an alternative way to play a card. See rule 702.62, "Suspend." A card is "suspended" if it's in the exile zone, has suspend, and has a time counter on it.
Swamp: One of the five basic land types. Any land with this subtype has the ability "{T}: Add {B}." See rule 305.6.
Swampcycling: See Typecycling.
Swampwalk: See Landwalk.
Tap: To turn a permanent sideways from an upright position. See rule 701.26, "Tap and Untap."
Tap Symbol: The tap symbol {T} in an activation cost means "Tap this permanent." See rule 107.5.
Tapped: A status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 701.26, "Tap and Untap." See also Untapped.
Target: A preselected object or player a spell or ability will affect. See rule 115, "Targets."
Team: A group of players who share a common victory condition in a multiplayer game. See rule 808, "Team vs. Team Variant," rule 809, "Emperor Variant," rule 810, "Two-Headed Giant Variant," and rule 811, "Alternating Teams Variant."
Team vs. Team Variant: A multiplayer variant played among two or more teams, each of which sits together. See rule 808, "Team vs. Team Variant."
Teammate: In a multiplayer game between teams, a player's teammates are the other players on their team. See rule 102.3.
Text Box: Part of a card. The text box is printed on the lower half of the card and contains the card's rules text, reminder text, and flavor text. See rule 207, "Text Box."
Text-Changing Effect: A continuous effect that changes the text that appears in an object's text box and/or type line. See rule 612, "Text-Changing Effects."
The Ring: An emblem that may be created at the time the Ring tempts you. See rule 701.54, "The Ring Tempts You."
The Ring Tempts You: A keyword action that causes a player to choose a creature they control to be their legendary Ring-bearer and may cause them to create an emblem called The Ring. See rule 701.54, "The Ring Tempts You."
Threshold: "Threshold" used to be a keyword ability. It is now an ability word and has no rules meaning. All cards printed with the threshold keyword have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Ticket Symbol: The ticket symbol {TK} with no numbers in it represents one ticket counter. The ticket symbol with a number in it represents a ticket cost. To pay a ticket cost, a player removes that many ticket counters from themselves.
Tiered: A keyword ability found on some modal spells that requires you to pay an additional cost for the mode you choose. See rule 702.183, "Tiered."
Time Travel: To add a time counter to or remove a time counter from any number of permanents you control with a time counter on them or suspended cards you own in exile with time counters on them. See rule 701.56, "Time Travel."
Timestamp Order: A system used to determine in which order continuous effects in the same layer or sublayer are applied. See rule 613.7. See also Dependency.
Token: A marker used to represent any permanent that isn't represented by a card. See rule 111, "Tokens."
Tombstone Icon: An icon that appears in the upper left of some Odyssey block cards that has no effect on game play. See rule 107.9.
Total Casting Cost (Obsolete): An obsolete term for mana value. Cards printed with this term have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Total Cost: What a player actually has to pay, in practical terms, to cast a spell or activated ability: the mana cost, activation cost, or alternative cost, plus all cost increases (including additional costs) and minus all cost reductions. See rule 601.2f.
Totem Armor (Obsolete): An obsolete keyword ability that has been renamed. See rule 702.89, "Umbra Armor."
Toughness: 1. Part of a card that only creature cards have. A creature card's toughness is printed after the slash in its lower right corner. See rule 208, "Power/Toughness." 2. A characteristic that only creatures have. See rule 302.4.
Tournament: An organized play activity where players compete against other players. See rule 100.6.
Tournament Rules: Additional rules that apply to games played in a sanctioned tournament. See rule 100.6.
Toxic: A keyword ability that causes a player to get poison counters due to combat damage from creatures with the ability. See rule 702.164, "Toxic."
Traditional Magic Card: A Magic card that measures approximately 2.5 inches (6.3 centimeters) by 3.5 inches (8.8 centimeters) and is included in players' decks. See rule 108.2.
Training: A keyword ability that means "Whenever this creature and at least one other creature with power greater that this creature's power attack, put a +1/+1 counter on this creature." See rule 702.149, "Training."
Trample: A keyword ability that modifies how a creature assigns combat damage. See rule 702.19, "Trample."
Trample Over Planeswalkers: A variant of trample that modifies how a creature assigns combat damage if it's attacking a planeswalker. See rule 702.19, "Trample"
Transfigure: A keyword ability that lets a player search their library for a replacement creature card. See rule 702.71, "Transfigure."
Transform: To turn a double-faced card so its other face is up. See rule 701.27, "Transform."
Transforming Double-Faced Cards: One of two kinds of double-faced cards. Transforming double-faced cards default to their front faces but can transform to their back faces in some way. See rule 712, "Double-Faced Cards."
Transmute: A keyword ability that lets a player search their library for a replacement card. See rule 702.53, "Transmute."
Treasure Token: A Treasure token is a colorless artifact token with "{T}, Sacrifice this artifact: Add one mana of any color." For more information about predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Tribal (Obsolete): An obsolete card type that has been renamed. See rule 308, "Kindreds."
Tribute: A keyword ability that allows an opponent to choose between a creature entering the battlefield with +1/+1 counters or an additional ability. See rule 702.104, "Tribute."
Trigger: Whenever a game event or game state matches a triggered ability's trigger event, that ability automatically "triggers." That means its controller puts it on the stack the next time a player would receive priority. See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."
Trigger Condition: The first part of a triggered ability, consisting of "when," "whenever," or "at" followed by a trigger event. See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."
Trigger Event: The event that a triggered ability looks for. Whenever the trigger event occurs, the triggered ability triggers. See rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."
Triggered Ability: A kind of ability. Triggered abilities begin with the word "when," "whenever," or "at." They're written as "[Trigger condition], [effect]." See rule 113, "Abilities," and rule 603, "Handling Triggered Abilities."
Triple: A keyword action that increases a creature's power and/or toughness. See rule 701.11, "Triple."
Turn Markers: Markers used to keep track of which players are taking turns in a Grand Melee game. See rule 807.4.
Turn-Based Actions: Game actions that happen automatically when certain steps or phases begin, or when each step or phase ends. See rule 703, "Turn-Based Actions."
Two-Headed Giant Variant: A multiplayer variant played among two-player teams that each have a shared life total and take a simultaneous turn. See rule 810, "Two-Headed Giant Variant."
Type: 1. An object's card type or, more broadly, its card type, subtype, and/or supertype. See rule 205, "Type Line," and section 3, "Card Types." 2. An attribute mana has. See rule 106, "Mana."
Type Icon: An icon that appears in the upper left of some Future Sight cards that has no effect on game play. See rule 107.10.
Type Line: Part of a card. The type line is printed directly below the illustration and contains the card's card type(s), subtype(s), and/or supertype(s). See rule 205, "Type Line."
Type-Changing Effect: An effect that changes an object's card type, subtype, and/or supertype. See rules 205.1a-b, 305.7, and 613.1d.
Typecycling: A variant of the cycling ability. See rule 702.29, "Cycling."
Umbra Armor: A keyword ability that allows an Aura to protect the permanent it's enchanting. See rule 702.89, "Umbra Armor."
Unattach: To move an Equipment away from the creature it's attached to so that the Equipment is on the battlefield but is not equipping anything. See rule 701.3d.
Unblockable (Obsolete): A term that meant "can't be blocked." Cards that used this term have received errata in the Oracle card reference.
Unblocked Creature: An attacking creature once no creature has been declared as a blocker for it, unless an effect has caused it to become blocked. It remains an unblocked creature until it's removed from combat or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. See rule 509, "Declare Blockers Step."
Undaunted: A keyword ability that reduces the cost of a spell based on the number of opponents you have. See rule 702.125, "Undaunted."
Undying: A keyword ability that can return a creature from the graveyard to the battlefield. See rule 702.93, "Undying."
Unearth: A keyword ability that lets a player return a creature card from their graveyard to the battlefield. See rule 702.84, "Unearth."
Unflipped: A default status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 710, "Flip Cards." See also Flipped.
Unleash: A keyword ability that allows a creature to enter the battlefield with a +1/+1 counter on it and stops it from blocking if it has a +1/+1 counter on it. See rule 702.98, "Unleash."
Unless: A word used to indicate a certain style of cost. See rule 118.12a.
Unlock: To give an unlocked designation to a permanent that has one or more locked halves. See rule 709.5f.
Unlocked: One half of a split permanent is "unlocked" if it has the appropriate unlocked designation. See rule 709.5.
Untap: To rotate a permanent back to the upright position from a sideways position. See rule 701.26, "Tap and Untap."
Untap Step: Part of the turn. This step is the first step of the beginning phase. See rule 502, "Untap Step."
Untap Symbol: The untap symbol {Q} in an activation cost means "Untap this permanent." See rule 107.6.
Untapped: A default status a permanent may have. See rule 110.5 and rule 701.26, "Tap and Untap." See also Tapped.
Upkeep Step: Part of the turn. This step is the second step of the beginning phase. See rule 503, "Upkeep Step."
Vancouver Mulligan: Informal term for a previous system of taking a mulligan. Using the Vancouver mulligan, a player who took a mulligan shuffled their hand into their library and drew one fewer card. After choosing to not mulligan, a player who took a mulligan looked at the top card of their library and could put it on the bottom of their library. For current mulligan rules, see rule 103.5.
Vanguard: 1. A casual variant in which each player plays the role of a famous character. See rule 902, "Vanguard." 2. A card type seen only on nontraditional Magic cards in the Vanguard casual variant. A vanguard card is not a permanent. See rule 313, "Vanguards."
Vanishing: A keyword ability that limits how long a permanent remains on the battlefield. See rule 702.63, "Vanishing."
Variant: An additional set of rules that determines the style of a multiplayer game. See rule 800.2.
Vehicle: An artifact subtype. Vehicles can become artifact creatures. See rule 301, "Artifacts," and rule 702.122, "Crew."
Venture Marker: A marker used to track which room of a dungeon card a player is currently in. See rule 309, "Dungeons."
Venture into [Quality]: A variant of the venture into the dungeon ability that allows a player to bring a dungeon card with [quality] into the game or move a player's venture marker. See rule 701.49, "Venture into the Dungeon."
Venture into the Dungeon: A keyword action that can bring dungeon cards into the game from outside the game or move a player's venture marker. See rule 701.49, "Venture into the Dungeon."
Vigilance: A keyword ability that lets a creature attack without tapping. See rule 702.20, "Vigilance."
Visit: A keyword ability found on Attraction cards. It provides an effect whenever you roll to visit your attractions and get certain results. See rule 702.159, "Visit."
Vote: Some cards instruct players to vote from among given options. See rule 701.38, "Vote."
Walker Token: A Walker token is a 2/2 black Zombie creature token named Walker. For more information on predefined tokens, see rule 111.10.
Wall: A creature type with no particular rules meaning. Older cards with the Wall creature type but without defender had an unwritten ability that precluded them from attacking. Those cards have received errata in the Oracle card reference to have defender. Some older cards that referenced the Wall creature type have also received errata. See Defender.
Ward: A triggered ability that can counter spells or abilities that target the permanent with ward. See rule 702.21, "Ward."
Win the Game: There are several ways to win the game. See rule 104, "Ending the Game," and rules 810.8 (for additional rules for Two-Headed Giant games) and rule 809.5 (for additional rules for Emperor games).
Wither: A keyword ability that affects how an object deals damage to a creature. See rule 702.80, "Wither."
Wizardcycling: See Typecycling.
World: A supertype that's normally relevant on enchantments. See rule 205.4, "Supertypes." See also World Rule.
World Rule: A state-based action that causes all permanents with the world supertype except the one that has had the world supertype for the shortest amount of time are put into their owners' graveyards. See rule 704.5k.
X: A placeholder for a number that needs to be determined. See rule 107.3.
Y: See X.
You, Your: Words that refer to an object's controller, its would-be controller (if a player is attempting to cast or activate it), or its owner (if it has no controller). See rule 109.5.
Zone: A place where objects can be during a game. See section 4, "Zones."
Zone-Change Triggers: Trigger events that involve objects changing zones. See rule 603.6.